James Wreford Watson

SS undefined

James Wreford Watson (February 8, 1915 – September 18, 1990) was a Scottish/Canadian geographer and cartographer, who served as Canada's Chief Geographer. He was also a Canadian poet who wrote under the name James Wreford, and who won Canada's top literary honor, the Governor General's Award, for his poetry.

Life and work
James Wreford Watson was born in Shaanxi, China, in 1915, the son of Evelyn Russell Watson and James Watson, a clergyman.

Watson was educated in China and Scotland, and received his B.A. from the University of Edinburgh in 1936. In 1937 he began teaching at the University of Sheffield.

In 1939 Watson married Jessie Black, a University of Edinburgh professor of education, who would bear him two children, Margaret and James. The couple moved to Canada the same year.

Watson took a position at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, as the University's first regular appointment in geography. He lectured at McMaster from 1939 to 1949. In 1945 he received a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto.

In 1949 Watson moved to Ottawa to become chief geographer for the Government of Canada, a position he held until 1954. He held a concurrent appointment at Ottawa's Carleton University from 1951 to 1954.

Watson became a naturalized Canadian citizen in 1953. In 1954, though, he returned to Scotland, to take the University of Edinburgh's chair of geography.

He taught at the University of Edinburgh from 1954 to 1975. From 1975 to 1982 he was the director of the Centre for Canadian Studies, in Edinburgh. During that time he was also visiting professor at Queen's University (1959-1960, 1963, 1978), University of Manitoba (1969-1970), University of British Columbia (1971), Simon Fraser University (1976-1977), and the University of Calgary (1980-1981 and 1983).

Social Geography
Watson was a pioneer of social geography. He applied the ideas of the Chicago school of social ecology to explain urban geography; the basic theory being that the urban landscape can be explained in terms of its society's social structure. His work "helped develop social geography as a systematic specialization." For instance, he "used the language of the social ecologists to recognize urban transition zones, cultural shatter belts, and distinct zones associated with the different socioeconomic groups within Hamilton."

Watson also applied the concepts of social geography on a continental scale to examine regional differentiation in North America. "Here his work emphasized social problems associated with multiracial development, the 'energy crisis', conservation of resources, urban decay, and suburban sprawl."

Poetry
James Wreford's standing in Canadian poetry rests mainly on two publications. The first was the seminal 1944 anthology Unit of Five, which featured thirteen of his poems (alongside poetry by Louis Dudek, Ronald Hambleton, P.K. Page, and Raymond Souster). The Dictionary of Literary Biography (DLB) says that they show "his technical skill – particularly in the use of the quatrain"; but also his weaknesses: obscurantism, didactism, and a habit of asking questions, "which becomes ponderous at times."

The DLB classified the poetry of Wreford's award-winning first book, Of Time and the Lover (1950), "as Christian pastoral elegy in that many of his poems portray man existing in a fallen world.... The poet seeks for himself and mankind ... redemption, renewed life, and hope." It also noted Watson's "use of climatological, geological, and geographical images and metaphors."

Geography was also prominent in Wreford's second and last book of poetry, 1979's Countryside Canada. There the poet "responds through poetry to a series of places, from Newfoundland to the Yukon ... the geographer-poet attempts to demonstrate the strength of his culture and his own personal roots in it."

Recognition
Watson's first book of poetry, Of Time and the Lover, won the Governor General's Award in 1950.

Watson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1954, and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1957.

The Canadian Geographers Association gave Watson a special award in 1987 for his services to Canadian geography.

He held honorary degrees from five universities.

Prose

 * The Geography of the Niagara Peninsula, with Special Emphasis on Changes in Land Use and Settlement. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1945.
 * General Geography (1953)
 * North America, Its Countries and Regions. London, Longmans, 1963.
 * The Canadians: How They Live and Work by Jessie Watson, James Wreford Watson (David & Charles Publishers) ISBN 0887600859
 * Social Geography of the United States by Jessie Watson, James Wreford Watson (Longman, 1979) ISBN 058248197X

Poetry

 * Unit of Five: Louis Dudek, Ronald Hambleton, P.K. Page, Raymond Souster, James Wreford. (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1944).
 * Of Time and the Lover. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1950.
 * Countryside Canada.Fredericton, NB: Fiddlehead, 1979.

Edited

 * with J.B. Sessons. The British Isles. Edinburgh. Published for the 20th International Geographic Conference.