Emma Lazarus



Emma Lazarus (July 22, 1849 – November 19, 1887) was a Jewish American poet born in New York City. She is best known for "The New Colossus", a sonnet written in 1883, which is inscribed on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty. in 1912.

Life
Lazarus was the fourth of seven children of Moshe Lazarus and Esther Nathan, Portuguese Sephardic Jews whose families had been settled in New York since the colonial period. She was related through her mother to Benjamin N. Cardozo, Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court.

From an early age, she studied American and British literature, as well as several languages, including German, French, and Italian. Her writings attracted the attention of Ralph Waldo Emerson. He corresponded with her until his death.

Literary career
Lazarus wrote her own poems and edited many adaptations of German poems, notably those of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Heinrich Heine. She also wrote a novel and two plays.

Her most famous work is "The New Colossus", which is inscribed on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty. The sonnet was solicited by William Maxwell Evarts as a donation to an auction, conducted by the "Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty" to raise funds to build the pedestal.

The New Colossus
Lazarus began to be more interested in her Jewish ancestry after reading the George Eliot novel, Daniel Deronda, and as she heard of the Russian pogroms in the early 1880s. This led Lazarus to write articles on the subject. She also began translating the works of Jewish poets into English. In the winter of 1882, multitudes of destitute Ashkenazi Jews emigrated from the Russian Pale of Settlement to New York; Lazarus taught technical education to help them become self-supporting.

She traveled twice to Europe, first in May 1885 after the death of her father in March and again in September 1887. She returned to New York City seriously ill after her second trip and died two months later on November 19, 1887, most likely from Hodgkin's lymphoma.

She is known as an important forerunner of the Zionist movement. She argued for the creation of a Jewish homeland thirteen years before Theodor Herzl began to use the term Zionism. Lazarus is buried in Beth-Olom Cemetery in Brooklyn.

Recognition
Lazarus' close friend Rose Hawthorne Lathrop was inspired by "The New Colossus" to found the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne.

Emma Lazarus was honored by the Office of the Manhattan Borough President in March of 2008 and was included in a map of historical sites related or dedicated to important women.

Poetry

 * Poems and Translations Written between the Ages of Fourteen and Seventeen. New York: Hurd and Boughton, 1866.
 * Admetus and Other Poems. New York: Hurd and Boughton, 1871.
 * Songs of a Semite: the Dance to Death and Other Poems. New York: The American Hebrew, 1882.
 * The Poems of Emma Lazarus, 2 vols. Boston, 1888.
 * Emma Lazarus: Poet of the Jewish People. Ed. Emma Klein. Arthur James, 1997.

Prose

 * Alide: an Episode of Goethe's Life. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1874. [novel])
 * Emma Lazarus; Selections from her Poetry and Prose. Ed. Morris U. Schappes. New York: Cooperative Book League, Jewish American Section, International Workers Order, 1944.
 * The Letters of Emma Lazarus, 1868-1885. Ed. Morris U. Schappes. New York: New York Public Library, 1949.

Translated

 * Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine. New York, 1881.