Edwin Muir

Edwin Muir (15 May 1887 – 3 January 1959) was an Orcadian poet, novelist and translator born on a farm in Deerness on the Orkney Islands. He is remembered for his deeply felt and vivid poetry in plain language with few stylistic preoccupations.

Biography
Muir was born in Deerness, where his mother was also born, at Hacco, remembered in his autobiography as "Haco". In 1901, when he was 14, his father lost his farm, and the family moved to Glasgow. In quick succession his father, two brothers, and his mother died within the space of a few years. His life as a young man was a depressing experience, and involved a raft of unpleasant jobs in factories and offices, including working in a factory that turned bones into charcoal. "He suffered psychologically in a most destructive way, although perhaps the poet of later years benefited from these experiences as much as from his Orkney 'Eden'." In 1919, Muir married Willa Anderson, and the two moved to London. About this, Muir wrote simply 'My marriage was the most fortunate event in my life'. They would later collaborate on highly acclaimed English translations of such writers as Franz Kafka, Gerhart Hauptmann, Sholem Asch, Heinrich Mann, and Hermann Broch.

Between 1921 and 1923, Muir lived in Prague, Dresden, Italy, Salzburg and Vienna; he returned to the UK in 1924. Between 1925 and 1956, Muir published seven volumes of poetry which were collected after his death and published in 1991 as The Complete Poems of Edwin Muir. From 1927 to 1932 he published three novels, and in 1935 he came to St Andrews, where he produced his controversial Scott and Scotland (1936). From 1946 to 1949 he was Director of the British Council in Prague and Rome. 1950 saw his appointment as Warden of Newbattle Abbey College (a college for working class men) in Midlothian, where he met fellow Orcadian poet, George Mackay Brown. In 1955 he was made Norton Professor of English at Harvard University. He returned to Britain in 1956 but died in 1959 at Swaffham Prior, Cambridge, and was buried there.

A memorial bench was erected in 1962 to Muir in the idyllic village of Swanston, Edinburgh, where he spent time during the 1950s.

Work
His childhood in remote and unspoiled Orkney represented an idyllic Eden to Muir, while his family's move to the city corresponded in his mind to a deeply disturbing encounter with the "fallen" world. The emotional tensions of that dichotomy shaped much of his work and deeply influenced his life. His psychological distress led him to undergo Jungian analysis in London. A vision in which he witnessed the creation strengthened the Edenic myth in his mind, leading him to see his life and career as the working-out of an archetypal fable. In his Autobiography he wrote, "the life of every man is an endlessly repeated performance of the life of man...". He also expressed his feeling that our deeds on Earth constitute "a myth which we act almost without knowing it." Alienation, paradox, the existential dyads of good and evil, life and death, love and hate, and images of journeys, labyrinths, time and places fill his work.

His Scott and Scotland advanced the claim that Scotland can create a national literature only by writing in English, an opinion that placed him in direct opposition to the Lallans movement of Hugh MacDiarmid. He had little sympathy for Scottish nationalism.

In 1965 a volume of his selected poetry was edited and introduced by T. S. Eliot. Many of Edwin and Willa Muir's translations of German novels are still in print.

The following quotation expresses the basic existential dilemma of Edwin Muir's life:

"'I was born before the Industrial Revolution, and am now about two hundred years old. But I have skipped a hundred and fifty of them. I was really born in 1737, and till I was fourteen no time-accidents happened to me. Then in 1751 I set out from Orkney for Glasgow. When I arrived I found that it was not 1751, but 1901, and that a hundred and fifty years had been burned up in my two day's journey. But I myself was still in 1751, and remained there for a long time. All my life since I have been trying to overhaul that invisible leeway. No wonder I am obsessed with Time.' (Extract from Diary 1937-39.)"

Works

 * We Moderns: Enigmas and Guesses, under the pseudonym Edward Moore, London, George Allen & Unwin, 1918
 * Latitudes, New York, B. W. Huebsch, 1924
 * First Poems, London, Hogarth Press, 1925
 * Chorus of the Newly Dead, London, Hogarth Press, 1926
 * Transition: Essays on Contemporary Literature, London, Hogarth Press, 1926
 * The Marionette, London, Hogarth Press, 1927
 * The Structure of the Novel, London, Hogarth Press, 1928
 * John Knox: Portrait of a Calvinist, London, Jonathan Cape, 1929
 * The Three Brothers, London, Heinemann, 1931
 * Poor Tom, London, J. M. Dent & Sons, 1932
 * Variations on the Time Theme, London, J. M. Dent & Sons, 1934
 * Scottish Journey London, Heinemann in association with Victor Gollancz, 1935
 * Journeys and Places, London, J. M. Dent & Sons, 1937
 * The Present Age from 1914, London, Cresset Press, 1939
 * The Story and the Fable: An Autobiography, London, Harrap, 1940
 * The Narrow Place, London, Faber, 1943
 * The Scots and Their Country, London, published for the British Council by Longman, 1946
 * The Voyage, and Other Poems, London, Faber, 1946
 * Essays on Literature and Society, London, Hogarth Press, 1949
 * The Labyrinth, London, Faber, 1949
 * Collected Poems, 1921-1951, London, Faber, 1952
 * An Autobiography, London : Hogarth Press, 1954
 * Prometheus, illustrated by John Piper, London, Faber, 1954
 * One Foot in Eden, New York, Grove Press, 1956
 * New Poets, 1959 (edited), London, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1959
 * The Estate of Poetry, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1962
 * Collected Poems, London and New York, Oxford University Press, 1965
 * The Politics of King Lear, New York, Haskell House, 1970

Translations by Willa and Edwin Muir

 * Power by Lion Feuchtwanger, New York, Viking Press, 1926
 * The Ugly Duchess: A Historical Romance by Lion Feuchtwanger, London, Martin Secker, 1927
 * ''Two Anglo-Saxon Plays: The Oil Islands and Warren Hastings', by Lion Feuchtwanger, London, Martin Secker, 1929
 * Success: A Novel by Lion Feuchtwanger, New York, Viking Press, 1930
 * The Castle by Franz Kafka, London, Martin Secker, 1930
 * The Sleepwalkers: A Trilogy by Hermann Broch, Boston, MA, Little, Brown & Company, 1932
 * Josephus by Lion Feuchtwanger, New York, Viking Press, 1932
 * Salvation by Sholem Asch, New York, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1934
 * The Hill of Lies by Heinrich Mann, London, Jarrolds, 1934
 * Mottke, the Thief by Sholem Asch, New York, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1935
 * The Unknown Quantity by Hermann Broch, New York, Viking Press, 1935
 * The Jew of Rome: A Historical Romance by Lion Feuchtwanger, London, Hutchinson, 1935
 * The Loom of Justice by Ernst Lothar, New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1935
 * Night over the East by Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, London, Sheed & Ward, 1936
 * The Trial by Franz Kafka, London, Martin Secker, 1937, reissued New York, The Modern Library, 1957
 * Metamorphosis and Other Stories by Franz Kafka, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1961.

Translation by Edwin Muir
"Amerika" by Franz Kafka, New York, Doubleday/New Directions, 1946