Dora Read Goodale

Elaine Goodale Eastman (1863–1953) and Dora Read Goodale (1866–1953) were American poets and sisters, who published their first poetry as children still living at home, and were included in Edmund Clarence Stedman's classic An American Anthology (1900).

Elaine Goodale taught at the Indian Department of Hampton Institute, started a day school on a Dakota reservation in 1886, and was appointed as Superintendent of Indian Education for the Two Dakotas by 1890. She married Dr. Charles Eastman (also known as Ohiyesa), a Santee Sioux who was the first Native American to graduate from medical school and become a physician. They lived with their growing family in the West for several years. Goodale collaborated with him extensively in writing about his childhood and Sioux culture; his nine books were popular and made him a featured speaker on a public lecture circuit. She also continued her own writing, publishing her last book of poetry in 1930, and a biography and last novel in 1935.

Dora Read Goodale published a book of poetry at age 21 and continued to write. She became a teacher of art and English in Connecticut. Later she was a teacher and director of the Uplands Sanatorium in Pleasant Hill, Tennessee. She attracted positive reviews when she published her last book of poetry at age 75 in 1941, in which she combined modernist free verse with the use of Appalachian dialect to express her neighbors' traditional lives.

Early life and education
Elaine and Dora were born to Dora Hill Read and Henry Sterling Goodale, a farmer and writer in Mount Washington, Massachusetts. From 1876-1879 their father served as a delegate to the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. His poem "Does Farming Pay?", in the October 1880 issue of Harper's Monthly, was reviewed in the New York Times as a "terrific" piece of dialect verse.

The Goodale sisters grew up on their parents' farm, known as Sky Farm. They had a brother Robert, and a sister Rose Sterling Goodale. She married James A. Dayton and preserved much of the family's history and manuscripts. The entire family absorbed the New England Transcendental culture.

Elaine and Dora were precocious writers, starting poetry while young. Elaine self-published her poems at age eight in her Sky Farm Life, a monthly. Her first pastoral poem appeared in the Springfield Republican when she was twelve. Friends helped collect the two girls' early writings; Elaine was fifteen and Dora twelve when their first book was published:
 * Apple Blossoms: Verses of Two Children (1878)
 * In Berkshire with the Wildflowers (1879)
 * All Round the Year: Verses from Sky Farm (1880)

Elaine attended Smith College, where she graduated in 1884. Beginning in 1881, the Goodale sisters contributed to such periodicals as Scribner's Monthly, Harper's and Sunday Magazine. In 1887 both sisters had their poetry published in St. Nicholas Magazine, as well. As the biographer Theodore Sargent noted, both young poets were included in Edmund Clarence Stedman's classic An American Anthology, 1787-1900, published in 1900.

Elaine Goodale Eastman
In 1881 Elaine published The Journal of a Farmer's Daughter. Two years later she became ateacher at the Hampton Institute, a historically black college in Virginia for the education of freedmen, where she taught a new group of 100 Native American students from the West. In 1885 Goodale made a tour of observation through the Sioux Reservation, as she wanted to learn more about where her students' world.

Having become interested in the cause of Indian reform, in 1886 Elaine Goodale received a government appointment to teach Indians at the White River Camp, where she set up a day school. She strongly supported educating children at day schools on the reservations rather than sending them away to boarding schools. In 1890 Goodale was appointed Superintendent of Indian Education for the Two Dakotas for the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

In the aftermath of the Wounded Knee Massacre in December 1890, she cared for the wounded with Dr. Charles Eastman, a Santee Sioux doctor of part Anglo-American ancestry. They fell in love, and in 1891 she and Charles were married in New York.

The couple had six children:
 * Dora Winona Eastman, d. August 22, 1964, Northampton, MA (married)
 * Irene Eastman, d. October 23, 1918, Keene, NH
 * Virginia Eastman, d. April 2, 1991, Amherst, MA (married Mr. Whitbeck)
 * Eleanor Eastman, d. May 2, 1999, Pittsford, NY (married Mr. Mensel)
 * Florence Eastman, d. December 30, 1930, Holyoke, MA (married Mr. Prentiss)
 * Charles Eastman Jr. (Ohiyesa), d. January 15, 1940, Detroit, MI

The couple remained together for three decades, returning to Massachusetts to live in 1903. They had struggled financially after Eastman was forced out of two physician positions with the Indian Health Service. For a time they both worked at the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania. After Goodale Eastman started helping Eastman write his stories of childhood and Indian culture, he became well known and sought after for lectures. The family was based in Amherst, near Goodale's family, as Eastman increasingly traveled for public lectures and other activities. Goodale managed his lecture tours and associated publicity, as he had about 25 lectures annually. They also collaborated on writing, and he published eight books while they lived in Amherst; Goodale Eastman published three.

In 1915 the family founded their own summer camp at Granite Lake, New Hampshire, where the adults and three oldest children all worked for several years. Their daughter Irene, a promising opera singer and Charles' favorite, died in the influenza epidemic of 1918, leaving both parents devastated and further straining their relationship. In 1921, after allegations that Charles had an affair and an illegitimate child, the couple separated, although they never divorced or acknowledged the separation publicly. Eastman did not publish any books after their separation.

Goodale Eastman continued to write, publishing four books after her separation from Charles: The Luck of Old Acres (1928), a novel about a summer camp; and her last book of poems, The Voice at Eve (1930}, which included a biographical essay entitled "All the Days of My Life." In 1935, when she was more than 70 years old, she published both her best novel, One Hundred Maples, and a biography of Richard Henry Pratt, founder of the Carlisle Indian School. She also published numerous articles, letters and book reviews published in a variety of journals. Her 1935 biography of Pratt and a 1945 article on the Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee Massacre are recognized as "important historical documents on the transition period in Plains Indian history."

After her death in 1953, she was buried in Florence, Massachusetts, near where her daughter Dora and her family lived. Goodale Eastman wrote a memoir about her experiences as a school teacher of the Sioux called Sister to the Sioux. The manuscript, which is property of the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College, was published posthumously in 1978 by the University of Nebraska Press.

Legacy

 * In 1950 Goodale Eastman donated her papers to Smith College, where she had earned her undergraduate degree. (She had removed most of the references to Charles Eastman.)

Dora Read Goodale
After graduating from Smith College, Dora published her first independent book of poetry in 1887, Heralds of Easter. She became a teacher of art and English in Reading, Connecticut, which her mother's family had settled. She never married, but she and her sister Elaine exchanged numerous letters over the decades in which they examined the various alternatives for women.

Later in life Dora worked as a teacher and director of Uplands Sanatorium in Pleasant Hill, Tennessee. In 1941 she published Mountain Dooryards, her last book of poetry, a work that was written in modernist free verse and used the dialect of the people of the Appalachians and expressed their traditional but changing world.

Poetry

 * Test of the Sky, 1926 (poetry)
 * Mountain Dooryards, 1941; 1945, revised and enlarged