Zine



A zine (an abbreviation of fanzine, or magazine) is most commonly a small circulation self-published work of original and, or appropriated texts and images usually reproduced via photocopier.

A popular definition includes that circulation must be 1,000 or less, although in practice the significant majority are produced in editions of less than 100, and profit is not the primary intent of publication.

Zines are written in a variety of formats, from computer-printed text to comics to handwritten text (an example being Cometbus). Print remains the most popular zine format, usually photo-copied with a small circulation. Topics covered are broad, including fanfiction, politics, art and design, ephemera, personal journals, social theory, single topic obsession, or sexual content far enough outside of the mainstream to be prohibitive of inclusion in more traditional media. The time and materials necessary to create a zine are seldom matched by revenue from sale of zines. Small circulation zines are often not explicitly copyrighted and there is a strong belief among many zine creators that the material within should be freely distributed. In recent years a number of photocopied zines have risen to prominence or professional status and have found wide bookstore and online distribution. Notable among these are Giant Robot, Dazed & Confused, Bust, Bitch, Cometbus and Maximum RocknRoll.

Origins and overview
Since the invention of the printing press (if not before), dissidents and marginalized citizens have published their own opinions in leaflet and pamphlet form. Thomas Paine published an exceptionally popular pamphlet titled "Common Sense" that led to insurrectionary revolution. Paine is considered to be a significant early independent publisher and a zinester in his own right, but then, the mass media as we now know it did not exist. A countless number of obscure and famous literary figures would self-publish at some time or another, sometimes as children (often writing out copies by hand), sometimes as adults.

The exact origins of the word "zine" is uncertain, but it was widely in use in the early 1970s, and most likely is a shortened version of the word "Magazine." with at least one zine lamenting the abbreviation. The earliest citation known is from 1946, in Startling Stories.

In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin also started a literary magazine for psychiatric patients at a Pennsylvania hospital, which was distributed amongst the patients and hospital staff. This could be considered the first zine, since it captures the essence of the philosophy and meaning of zines. The concept of zines clearly had an ancestor in the amateur press movement (a major preoccupation of H. P. Lovecraft), which would in its turn cross-pollinate with the subculture of science fiction fandom in the 1930s.

1930s–1960s and Science Fiction
During and after the Great Depression, editors of "pulp" science fiction magazines became increasingly frustrated with letters detailing the impossibilities of their science fiction stories. Over time they began to publish these overly-scrutinizing letters, complete with their return addresses. This caused these fans to begin writing to each other, now complete with a mailing list for their own science fiction fanzines.

Fanzines enabled fans to write not only about science fiction but about fandom itself and, in soi disant perzine (i.e. personal zine), about themselves. As the Damien Broderick novel Transmitters (1984) shows, unlike other, isolated, self-publishers, the more "fannish" (fandom-oriented) fanzine publishers had a shared sensibility and at least as much interest in their relationships between fans as in the literature that inspired it.

A number of leading science fiction and fantasy authors rose through the ranks of fandom, such as Frederik Pohl and Isaac Asimov. George R. R. Martin is also said to have started writing for Fanzines, but has been quoted condemning the practice of fans writing stories set in other authors' worlds.

1970s and punk
Punk zines emerged as part of the punk movement in the late 1970s. These started in the UK and the U.S.A. and by March 1977 had spread to other countries such as Ireland. Cheap photocopying had made it easier than ever for anyone who could make a band flyer to make a zine.

1980s and Factsheet Five
During the 1980s and onwards, Factsheet Five (the name came from a short story by John Brunner), originally published by Mike Gunderloy and now defunct, catalogued and reviewed any zine or small press creation sent to it, along with their mailing addresses. In doing so, it formed a networking point for zine creators and readers (usually the same people). The concept of zine as an art form distinct from fanzine, and of the "zinesters" as member of their own subculture, had emerged. Zines of this era ranged from perzines of all varieties to those that covered an assortment of different and obscure topics that web sites (such as Wikipedia) might cover today but for which no large audience existed in the pre-internet era.

1990s and riot grrrl
Although the first feminist zine was printed in 1989 in Minneapolis, Minnesota (Not Your Bitch 1989-1992 ), it was the 90's that saw the rise of the riot grrrl zine. The early 1990s riot grrrl scene encouraged an explosion of zines of a more raw and explicit nature http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/468079?uid=3739696&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=47698901149927 (until this time, males tended to make up the majority of zinesters). Following this, zines enjoyed a brief period of attention from conventional media and a number of zines were collected and published in book form, such as Donna Kossy's Kooks Magazine (1988–1991), published as Kooks (1994, Feral House).

Zines and the Internet
With the rise of the Internet in the late 1990s, zines faded from public awareness. It can be argued that the sudden growth of the Internet, and the ability of private web-pages to fulfill much the same role of personal expression as zines, was a strong contributor to their pop culture expiration. Indeed, many zines were transformed into websites, such as Boingboing. However, zines have subsequently been embraced by a new generation, often drawing inspiration from craft, graphic design and artists' books, rather than political and subcultural reasons.

Distribution and circulation
Zines are sold, traded or given as gifts through many different outlets, from zine symposiums and publishing fairs to record stores, book stores, zine stores, at concerts, independent media outlets, zine 'distros', via mail order or through direct correspondence with the author. They are also sold online either via websites or social networking profiles.

Zines distributed for free are either traded directly between zinesters, given away at the outlets mentioned or are available to download and print online.

Webzines are found in many places on the Internet.

Publishing
While zines are generally self-published, there are a few independent publishers who specialise in making art zines. One such 'art-zine' publisher (who also publishes books) is Nieves Books in Zurich, founded by Benjamin Sommerhalder. Another is Café Royal, UK based and founded by Craig Atkinson in 2005.

Distributors
Zines are most often obtained through mail-order distributors. There are many catalogued and online based mail-order distros for zines. Some of the longer running and most stable operations include Last Gasp in San Francisco, California, Parcell Press in Philadelphia, Microcosm Publishing in Portland, Oregon, Great Worm Express Distribution in Toronto, CornDog Publishing in Ipswich, Café Royal in the UK, AK Press in Oakland, California, Missing Link Records in Melbourne and Soft Skull Press in Brooklyn, New York. Zine distros often have websites that you can place orders on. Because these are small scale DIY projects run by an individual or small group, they often close after only a short time of operation. Those that have been around the longest are often the most dependable.

Bookstores
Several bookstores stock zines. Notable examples include Polyester Books in Melbourne, Australia; Cafe Royal in the UK; Reading Frenzy and Powell's in Portland, OR; Needles and Pens in San Francisco; Atomic Books in Baltimore; Quimby's in Chicago; Mac's Backs Paperbacks in Cleveland, OH; Boxcar Books in Bloomington, Indiana; Wooden Shoe Books in Philadelphia; Civic Media Center in Gainesville, FL; Bluestockings in New York City; Five in Charleston, SC; Brian MacKenzie Infoshop in Washington, DC; Book Beat & Co. in Oklahoma City, OK; Printed Matter in New York City; Copacetic Comics Co. and Big Idea Bookstore in Pittsburgh, PA;Reading Material in Tokyo, Japan; On Reading in Nagoya, Japan; as well as MonkeyWrench Books and Domy Books in Austin, TX.

Zinestores
Sticky Institute in Melbourne, Australia is a not-for-profit artist-run initiative dedicated solely to the distribution of zines.

Libraries
A number of major public and academic libraries carry zines and other small press publications, often with a specific focus (e.g. women's studies) or those that are relevant to a local region.

On the Internet:
 * Zinelibrary.info

In Australia there is:
 * the Women’s House Library Zine Collection at the Brisbane Rape and Incest Survivors Support Centre, Brisbane, Queensland
 * the National Library of Australia Zine Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (which includes the Susan Smith-Clarke Fanzine Collection)
 * the ACT Heritage Library Zine Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
 * the State Library of New South Wales Zine Collection, Sydney, New South Wales
 * the State Library of Victoria Zine Collection, Melbourne, Victoria
 * the City Library Zine Collection, Melbourne, Victoria
 * the Monash University Library Zine Collection, Melbourne, Victoria

In Canada, there is:
 * Vancouver Public Library
 * Toronto Public Library

In New Zealand, there is:
 * the Wellington City Library's Zine Collection 

In the UK:
 * There is a special collection held at the London Met Women's Library.
 * Zineopolis at the University of Portsmouth, this collection specialises in Art-Zines.

Notable U.S.A. public and academic library zine collections include:
 * Fales Library at NYU, Link to the Fales Library
 * the Salt Lake City Public Library
 * Multnomah County Library in Portland
 * the San Francisco Public Library
 * the Ypsilanti District Library in Ypsilanti, Michigan
 * Barnard College Library
 * DePaul University Library
 * The original Factsheet Five collection at the New York State Library in Albany, New York
 * The Sarah Dyer Collection at Duke University
 * The West Coast Zine Collection at the San Diego State University Library

There are also a number of libraries devoted almost entirely to zine production and/or archiving.

In Australia:
 * the Copy & Destroy Zine Library at the Visible Ink Valley space, Brisbane, Queensland
 * the Octapod Association Zine Library, Newcastle, New South Wales

In Canada:
 * the Toronto Zine Library (Tranzac, 292 Brunswick Ave. Toronto, ON)
 * the Welland Zine Library (11 Ascot Ct., Welland Ontario, Canada, L3C 6K7)
 * the Anchor Archive Zine Library (5684 Roberts Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada)
 * theArrow Archive(Guelph, Ontario)
 * Bibliograph/e in Montréal

In Japan:
 * the Booklet Library in Tokyo

In the U.S.A.:
 * the ABC No Rio Zine Library in New York
 * the Chicago Underground Library
 * the Denver Zine Library
 * the Zine Archive and Publishing Project in Seattle, Washington
 * the Olympia Zine Library, housed in Last Word Books in Olympia, Washington
 * the Papercut Zine Library in Somerville, Massachusetts
 * the Independent Publishing Resource Center, a Portland, Oregon zine library and resource for writing and distributing zines.
 * the Queer Zine Archive Project in Milwaukee, WI

Australia

 * Biannual Festival of the Photocopier and International Literary Conspiracy Week Festival, held in alternating years each February, run by the Sticky Institute, Melbourne.
 * Emerging Writers' Festival's annual Independent Press Fair held each May in Melbourne. While formerly a notable zine event, this Fair has increasingly focused on "emerging" published authors in recent years.
 * National Young Writers' Festival's annual Sunday Artists' Market & Zine Fair, part of the This is Not Art festival in Newcastle, NSW.
 * Format Festival held every March.
 * ACT Writers' Festival zine fair each June
 * MCA Zine Fair held yearly at the exhibitors hall at the Museum of Contemporary Art. Showcasing zines, design and art by emerging and established creatives.

Canada

 * Canzine in Toronto and Vancouver, the largest annual Canadian zine event, organised by the publishers of Broken Pencil.
 * Expozine held annually in Montréal
 * Le Rendez-vous des publications parallèles held annually in Québec city
 * North of Nowhere (NoN) Expo in Edmonton.
 * Halifax Pop Explosion zine fair, held annually in Halifax

France

 * Explosion du Zine in Toulouse

Germany

 * Zinefest Mülheim in Mülheim an der Ruhr

Japan

 * Tokyo Art Book Fair in Tokyo
 * Zine Picnic

United Kingdom

 * London Zine Symposium.
 * Manchester Zine Fest.
 * Publish And Be Damned
 * Zineswap.
 * Birmingham Zine Festival.

United States of America

 * 24 Hour Zine Thing
 * Philly Zine Fest
 * San Francisco Zine Festival.
 * Salt Lake City Library Zine Day in Salt Lake City, Utah.
 * Alternative Press Expo in San Francisco, California.
 * Portland Zine Symposium in Portland, Oregon.
 * Allied Media Conference in Bowling Green, Ohio.
 * Boston Zine Fair, formerly known as Beantown Zinetown.
 * Madison Zine Fest in Madison, Wisconsin.
 * Richmond Zine Fest in Richmond, Virginia.
 * NJ Zine Fest in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
 * Ephemera Festival in Chicago Ephemera Festival
 * Brooklyn Zine Fest in Brooklyn, New York
 * Chicago Zine Fest in Chicago
 * ZAPP Zine Archive and Publishing Project in Seattle
 * Twin Cities Zine Fest in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
 * Zine Fest Houston in Houston, Texas.

alt.zines
The Usenet newsgroup alt.zines was created in 1992 by Jerod Pore and Edward Vielmetti for the discussion of zines and zine-related topics. Since that time, alt.zines has seen more than 26,000 postings.

From the original alt.zines charter: "alt.zines is a place for reviews of zines, announcements of new zines, tips on how to make zines, discussions of the culture of zines, news about zines, specific zines and related stuff."

"Related stuff" has included almost everything under the sun. Throughout the 1990s alt.zines was really the only forum for zinesters to promote, talk, and discuss small publishing issues and tips. And of course argue. It was a place where a zine reader or first time publisher could rub elbows with infamous zinesters. Some of the more infamous alt.zines personalities have included R. Seth Friedman, Rev. Randall Tin-Ear, Doug Holland, Jeff Kay, "Ninjalicious" (AKA Jeff Chapman), Sky Ryan, Tim Brown, Josh Saitz, Dan Halligan, Heath Row, Jeff Koyen, Bob Conrad, Jen Angel, Seth Robson, Karl Wenclas, Asha Anderson, Emerson Dameron, Jerod Pore, Jim Goad, Cullen Carter, Steen Sigmund, Darby Romeo, Jim Hogshire, Debbie Goad, Cali Macvayia, Don Fitch, Jeff Potter, Joel McClemore, Kris Kane, Marc Parker, Paul T. Olson, Robert W. Howington, Sean Guillory, Ruel Gaviola, Jeff Somers, Tom Hendricks, Chip Rowe, Brent Ritzel and Shaun Richman.

While today there are many other online forums for zinesters and traffic on alt.zines has slowed down dramatically since the zinester flame wars of yesteryear, alt.zines remains one of the most influential places on the web for zine publishers and readers alike. Many long-time alt.zines participants now contribute to ZineWiki.

Zines in fiction
The main character of a Canadian television show produced by the CBC called Our Hero, Kale Stiglic (Cara Pifko) created her own zine.

Damien Broderick's novel Transmitters follows a small group of Australian science fiction fans through their lives over several decades. Pastiches of fanzine writing (from fictitious fanzines) form some of the text of the novel.

Set in the 80s and 90s zine heyday, Walking Man by Tim W. Brown is a comic novel written in the form of a scandalous tell-all biography that portrays the life and times of Brian Walker, publisher of the zine Walking Man, who rises from humble origins to become the most famous zinester in America.

In the novel Hard Love by Ellen Wittlinger, the main character John begins writing a zine called Bananafish after reading other people's zines he found at Tower Records. One of these zines is written by a girl named Marisol who writes a zine called Escape Velocity. After reading her zine, John decides to meet her and their friendship grows from there.

Lunch Money, a children's book by Andrew Clements, has sixth-grader Greg Kenton creating and selling mini comic books, as a way to make money, which leads to one of his classmates making her own publication.

In the Nickelodeon cartoon show Rocket Power, one of main cast characters, Reggie, publishes her own zine about action sports.

Tales of a Punk Rock Nothing is a semi-fictional depiction of the anarcho-punk and riot grrrl scene in early 90s Washington, DC.