Terza rima

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Terza rima is a rhyming verse stanza form that consists of an interlocking three-line rhyme scheme. It was first used by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri.

Form
Terza rima is a three-line stanza using chain rhyme in the pattern A-B-A, B-C-B, C-D-C, D-E-D. There is no limit to the number of lines, but poems or sections of poems written in terza rima end with either a single line or couplet repeating the rhyme of the middle line of the final tercet. The two possible endings for the example above are d-e-d, e or d-e-d, e-e. There is no set rhythm for terza rima, but in English, iambic pentameter is generally preferred.

History
The first known use of terza rima is in Dante's Divina Commedia. In creating the form, Dante may have been influenced by the sirventes, a lyric form used by the ProvenÃ§al troubadours. The three-line pattern may have been intended to suggest the Holy Trinity. Inspired by Dante, other Italian poets, including Petrarch and Boccaccio, began using the form.

The first English poet to write in terza rima was Geoffrey Chaucer, who used it for his Complaint to His Lady. Although a difficult form to use in English because of the relative paucity of rhyme words available in a language which has, in comparison with Italian, a more complex phonology, terza rima has been used by Milton, Byron (in his Prophecy of Dante) and Shelley (in his Ode to the West Wind and The Triumph of Life). Thomas Hardy also used the form of meter in 'Friends Beyond' to interlink the characters and continue the flow of the poem. A number of 20th-century poets also employed the form. These include Archibald MacLeish, W. H. Auden, Andrew Cannon, William Carlos Williams, T. S. Eliot, Derek Walcott, Clark Ashton Smith, James Merrill, Robert Frost and Richard Wilbur. Edward Lowbury's adaptation of the form to six syllabled lines has been named piccola terza rima.

Not surprisingly, the form has also been used in translations of the Divina Commedia. Perhaps the most notable examples are Robert Pinsky's version of the Inferno, Laurence Binyon's version of the entire Divina Commedia, Dorothy L. Sayers's and the recent version by Peter Dale.

Examples
Acquainted With the Night by Robert Frost
 * I have been one acquainted with the night.         (a)
 * I have walked out in rain - and back in rain.        (b)
 * I have outwalked the furthest city light.          (a)
 * I have outwalked the furthest city light.          (a)


 * I have looked down the saddest city lane.          (b)
 * I have passed by the watchman on his beat          (c)
 * And dropped my eyes, unwilling to explain.         (b)


 * I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet   (c)
 * When far away an interrupted cry                   (d)
 * Came over houses from another street,              (c)


 * But not to call me back or say good-bye;            (d)
 * And further still at an unearthly height           (a)
 * One luminary clock against the sky                 (d)

The opening lines of the Divina Commedia:
 * Proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right.   (a)
 * I have been one acquainted with the night.         (a)


 * Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita                (a)
 * mi ritrovai per una selva oscura                   (b)
 * chÃ© la diritta via era smarrita.                   (a)


 * Ahi quanto a dir qual era Ã¨ cosa dura              (b)
 * esta selva selvaggia e aspra e forte               (c)
 * che nel pensier rinova la paura!                   (b)


 * Tant'Ã¨ amara che poco Ã¨ piÃ¹ morte;                 (c)
 * ma per trattar del ben ch'i' vi trovai,            (d)
 * dirÃ² de l'altre cose ch'i' v'ho scorte.            (c)


 * Io non so ben ridir com'i' v'intrai,               (d)
 * tant'era pien di sonno a quel punto                (e)
 * che la verace via abbandonai.                      (d)

Two tercets from Chaucer's Complaint to his Lady:


 * Hir name is Bountee set in womanhede
 * Sadness in youthe and Beautee prydelees
 * And Plesaunce under governaunce and drede;
 * Hir surname is eek Faire Rewthelees
 * The Wyse, yknit unto Good Aventure,
 * That, for I love hir, she sleeth me giltelees.

A section from Shelley's Ode to the West Wind with a couplet ending:


 * O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,
 * Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead
 * Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,
 * Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,
 * Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou,
 * Who chariotest to their dark wintery bed
 * The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,
 * Each like a corpse within its grave, until
 * Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow
 * Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill
 * (Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)
 * With living hues and odours plain and hill:
 * Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;
 * Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh, hear!

The first three stanzas of Thomas Hardy's 'Friends Beyond':


 * William Dewy, Tranter Reuben, Farmer Ledlow late at plough,
 * Robert's kin, and John's, and Ned's,
 * And the Squire, and Lady Susan, lie in Mellstock churchyard now!


 * 'Gone,' I call them, gone for good, that group of local hearts and heads;
 * Yet at mothy curfew-tide,
 * And at midnight when the noon-heat breathes it back from walls and leads,


 * Theyâ've a way of whispering to me 'fellow-wight who yet abide'
 * In the muted, measured note
 * Of a ripple under archways, or a lone caveâ€™s stillicide: