Stephen Leacock

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Stephen Butler Leacock, FRSC (December 30, 1869 - March 28, 1944) was an English-born Canadian teacher, political scientist, writer, and humorist. In the early part of the 20th century he was the best-known humorist in the English-speaking world.

He published several works of political theory, but his greatest acclaim came as a writer of comedic fiction. His stories, first published in magazines in Canada and the United States, and later in novel form, became extremely popular around the world. It was said in 1911 that more people had heard of Stephen Leacock than had heard of Canada.

Early life
Leacock was born in Swanmore, near Bishop's WalthamHampshire, England. At the age of six he moved to Canada with his family which settled on a farm in Egypt, Ontario, near the village of Sutton and the shores of Lake Simcoe. While the family had been well off in England (the Leacocks had made a fortune in Madeira and lived on an estate called Oak Hill on the Isle of Wight), Leacock's father, Peter, had been banished from the manor for marrying Agnes Butler without his parents' permission. The farm in the Georgina township of York County was not a success and the family (Leacock was the third of eleven children) was kept afloat by money sent by Leacock's grandfather. Peter Leacock became an alcoholic.

Stephen Leacock, always of obvious intelligence, was sent by his grandfather to the elite private school of Upper Canada College in Toronto, also attended by his older brothers, where he was top of the class and was chosen as head boy. In 1887, defending his mother and siblings against his father's alcoholic abuse, Leacock ordered him from the family home and he was never seen again. Walter Peter Leacock went to live in Argentina where he was a merchant and lived with a woman named Annie Leacock. That same year, seventeen-year-old Leacock started at University College at the University of Toronto, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, but found he could not resume the following year because of financial difficulties.

He left university to go to work teaching - an occupation he disliked immensely - at Strathroy, Uxbridge and finally in Toronto. As a teacher at Upper Canada College, his alma mater, he was able simultaneously to attend classes at the University of Toronto and, in 1891, earn his degree through part-time studies. It was during this period that his first writing was published in The Varsity, a campus newspaper.

Academic and political life
Disillusioned with teaching, in 1899 he began graduate studies at the University of Chicago, where he received a doctorate in political science and political economy. He moved from Chicago, Illinois to Montreal, Quebec, where he became a lecturer and long-time acting head of the political economy department at McGill University.

He was closely associated with Sir Arthur Currie, former commander of the Canadian Corps in the Great War and principal of McGill from 1919 until his death in 1933. In fact, Currie had been a student observing Leacock's practice teaching in Strathroy in 1888. In 1936, Leacock was forcibly retired by the McGill Board of Governors - an unlikely prospect had Currie lived.

Leacock was both a social conservative and a partisan Conservative. He opposed giving women the right to vote, and disliked non-Anglo-Saxon immigration and supported the introduction of social welfare legislation. He was a staunch champion of the British Empire and went on lecture tours to further the cause.

Although he was considered as a candidate for Dominion elections by his party, it declined to invite the author, lecturer, and maverick to stand for election. Nevertheless, he would stump for local candidates at his summer home.

Literary life
Early in his career, Leacock turned to fiction, humour, and short reports to supplement (and ultimately exceed) his regular income. His stories, first published in magazines in Canada and the United States and later in novel form, became extremely popular around the world. It was said in 1911 that more people had heard of Stephen Leacock than had heard of Canada. Between 1915 and 1925, Leacock was the most popular humorist in the English-speaking world.

A humorist particularly admired by Leacock was Robert Benchley from New York. Leacock opened correspondence with Benchley, encouraging him in his work and importuning him to compile his work into a book. Benchley did so in 1922, and acknowledged the nagging from north of the border.

Near the end of his life, the American comedian Jack Benny recounted how he had been introduced to Leacock's writing by Groucho Marx when they were both young vaudeville comedians. Benny acknowledged Leacock's influence and, fifty years after first reading him, still considered Leacock one of his favorite comic writers. He was puzzled as to why Leacock's work was no longer well-known in the United States.

During the summer months, Leacock lived at Old Brewery Bay, his summer estate in Orillia, across Lake Simcoe from where he was raised and also bordering Lake Couchiching. A working farm, Old Brewery Bay is now a museum and National Historic Site of Canada. Gossip provided by the local barber, Jefferson Short, provided Leacock with the material which would become Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town (1912), set in the thinly-disguised Mariposa.

Although he wrote learned articles and books related to his field of study, his political theory is now all but forgotten.

Death
In 1900 Leacock married Beatrix ("Trix") Hamilton, niece of Sir Henry Pellatt (who had built Casa Loma, the largest castle in North America). In 1915 - after 15 years of marriage - the couple had their only child, Stephen Lushington Leacock. While Leacock doted on the boy, it became apparent early on that "Stevie" suffered from a lack of growth hormone. Growing to be only four feet tall, he had a love-hate relationship with Leacock, who tended to treat him like a child.

Predeceased by Trix (who had died of breast cancer in 1925), Leacock was survived by Stevie, who died in his fifties. In accordance with his wishes, after his death from throat cancer, Leacock was buried in St George the Martyr Churchyard, Sutton, Ontario

Shortly after his death, Barbara Nimmo, his niece, literary executor and benefactor, published two major posthumous works: Last Leaves (1945) and The Boy I Left Behind Me (1946).

Recognition
Leacock was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Lorne Pierce Medal in 1937, nominally for his academic work.

After his death, his physical legacy was less treasured, and his abandoned summer cottage became derelict. It was rescued from oblivion when it was declared a National Historic Site of Canada in 1958 and ever since has operated as a museum called the Stephen Leacock Memorial Home.

In 1947, the Stephen Leacock Award was created to recognize the best in Canadian literary humour. In 1969, the centennial of his birth, Canada Post issued a six cent stamp with his image on it. The following year, the Stephen Leacock Centennial Committee had a plaque erected at his English birthplace and a mountain in the Yukon was named after him.

A number of buildings in Canada are named after Leacock, including the Stephen Leacock Building at McGill University, a theatre in Keswick, Ontario, and schools in Toronto and Ottawa.

Film adaptations
Two Leacock short stories have been adapted as National Film Board of Canada animated shorts by Gerald Potterton: My Financial Career and The Awful Fate of Melpomenus Jones.

Humor

 * Literary Lapses (1910)
 * Nonsense Novels (1911)
 * Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town (1912)
 * Arcadian Adventures with the Idle Rich (1914)
 * Moonbeams from the Larger Lunacy (1915)
 * Further Foolishness (1916)
 * Frenzied Fiction (1918)
 * Winsome Winnie (1920)
 * My Discovery of England (1922)
 * College Days (1923)
 * Winnowed Wisdom (1926)
 * Short Circuits (1928)
 * The Iron Man and the Tin Woman (1929)
 * Hellements of Hickonomics in Hiccoughs of Verse Done in Our Social Planning Mill (1936)
 * Funny Pieces (1936)
 * The Greatest Pages of American Humor (1936)
 * My Discovery of the West (1937)
 * Model Memoirs (1938)
 * Too Much College (1939)
 * My Remarkable Uncle (1942)
 * Happy Stories (1943)
 * How to Write (1943)
 * Wet Wit and Dry Humor
 * Laugh with Leacock

Other

 * Elements of Political Science (1906)
 * Baldwin, Lafontaine, Hincks: Responsible Government (1907)
 * Practical Political Economy (1910)
 * Behind the Beyond (1913)
 * Adventurers of the Far North (1914)
 * The Dawn of Canadian History (1914)
 * The Mariner of St. Malo: A Chronicle of the Voyage of Jacques Cartier (1915)
 * Essays and Literary Studies (1916)
 * The Hohenzollerns in America (1919)
 * The Unsolved Riddle of Social Justice (1920)
 * Over the Footlights (1923)
 * The Garden of Folly (1924)
 * Mackenzie, Baldwin, Lafontaine, Hincks (1926)
 * Economic Prosperity in the British Empire (1930)
 * The Economic Prosperity of the British Empire (1931)
 * The Dry Pickwick (1932)
 * Afternoons in Utopia (1932)
 * Mark Twain (1932)
 * Charles Dickens: His Life and Work (1933)
 * Humour: Its Theory and Technique, with Examples and Samples (1935)
 * Here Are My Lectures (1937)
 * Humour and Humanity (1937)*Our British Empire (1940)
 * Canada: The Foundations of Its Future (1941)
 * Our Heritage of Liberty (1942)
 * Montreal: Seaport and City (1942)
 * Back to Prosperity
 * The Greatest Pages of Charles Dickens
 * Canada and the Sea (1944)
 * While There Is Time (1945)
 * Last Leaves (1945)
 * The Boy I Left Behind Me (1946)

Quotes

 * "Lord Ronald ... flung himself upon his horse and rode madly off in all directions." -- Nonsense Novels, "Gertrude the Governess", 1911
 * "I detest life-insurance agents: they always argue that I shall some day die, which is not so."
 * "Professor Leacock has made more people laugh with the written word than any other living author. One may say he is one of the greatest jesters, the greatest humorist of the age." -A. P. Herbert
 * "Mr Leacock is as 'bracing' as the seaside place of John Hassall's famous poster. His wisdom is always humorous, and his humour is always wise." - Sunday Times
 * "He is still inimitable. No one, anywhere in the world, can reduce a thing to ridicule with such few short strokes. He is the Grock of literature." - Evening Standard