Christina Rossetti



Christina Georgina Rossetti (5 December 1830 – 29 December 1894) was an English poet who wrote a variety of romantic, devotional, and children's poems. She is best known for her long poem "Goblin Market", her love poem "Remember", and her words to the Christmas carol "In the Bleak Midwinter".

Born in London and educated privately, she suffered ill-health in her youth, but was already writing poetry in her teens. Her engagement to a painter, James Collinson, was broken off because of religious differences (she was High Church Anglican). She also rejected a somewhat less than reputable proposition from John Ruskin. ("Here's friendship for you if you like; but love, --/No, thank you, John.")

She produced her first published verse under the pseudonym Ellen Alleyne. Many of her poems were aimed at children.

Christina rejected the social world of her brother's "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood", preferring "my shady crevice – which crevice enjoys the unique advantage of being to my certain knowledge the place assigned me."

Youth
Rossetti was born in London to Gabriele Rossetti, a poet and a refugee from Naples, and Frances Polidori, the sister of Lord Byron's friend and physician, John William Polidori. She had two brothers and a sister; Dante (who would become an influential artist and poet), William, and Maria (who would also both become writers). Christina, the youngest, was a lively child. She dictated her first story to her mother before she had learned to write.

Rossetti was educated at home by her mother who supplemented their learning with religious works, classics, fairytales and novels. Rossetti delighted in the work of Keats, Scott, Ann Radcliffe and Monk Lewis. The influence of the work of Dante Alighieri and other Italian writers filled the home and would have a deep impact on Rossetti's later writing. The family homes at 38 and later 50 Charlotte Street were within easy reach of Madam Tussauds, London Zoo and the newly opened Regent's Park (still wooded), which she visited regularly; In contrast to her parents, Rossetti was very much a London child.

In the 1840s, her family faced severe financial difficulties due to the deterioration of her father's physical and mental health. In 1843, he was diagnosed with persistent bronchitis, possibly tuberculosis, and faced losing his sight. He gave up his teaching post at King's College and though he lived another 11 years, he suffered from depression and was never physically well again. Rossetti's mother began teaching in order to keep the family out of poverty and Maria became a live-in governess, a prospect that Christina Rossetti dreaded. At this time her brother William was working for the Excise Office and Gabriel was at art school, leading Christina's life at home to become one of increasing isolation. When she was 14, Rossetti suffered a nervous breakdown and left school. Bouts of depression and related illness followed. During this period she, her mother, and her sister became deeply interested in the Anglo-Catholic movement that developed in the Church of England. Religious devotion came to play a major role in Rossetti's life.

In her late teens, Rossetti became engaged to the painter James Collinson, who was, like her brothers Dante and William, one of the founding members of the avant-garde artistic group, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (founded 1848). The engagement was broken when he reverted to Catholicism. Later she became involved with the linguist Charles Cayley, but declined to marry him, also for religious reasons.

Rossetti sat for several of Dante Rossetti's most famous paintings. In 1848, she was the model for the Virgin Mary in his first completed oil painting, The Girlhood of Mary Virgin, which was the first work to be inscribed with the initials 'PRB', later revealed to signify the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. The following year she modelled again for his depiction of the Annunciation, Ecce Ancilla Domini.

Career
Rossetti began writing down and dating her poems from 1842, mostly imitating her favoured poets. From 1847 she began experimenting with verse forms such as sonnets, hymns, and ballads, drawing narratives from the Bible, folk takes and the lives of the saints. Her early pieces often feature meditations on death and loss, in the Romantic tradition. She published her first poem, which appeared in the Athenaeum, in 1848 when she was 18. Under the pen-name "Ellen Alleyne", she contributed to the literary magazine, The Germ, published by the Pre-Raphaelites from January - April 1850 and edited by her brother William. This marked the beginning of her public career.

Her most famous collection, Goblin Market and Other Poems, appeared in 1862, when she was 31. It received widespread critical praise, establishing her as the main female poet of the time. Hopkins, Swinburne and Tennyson lauded her work. With Elizabeth Barrett Browning having died in 1861, Rossetti was hailed as her natural successor. The title poem is one of Rossetti's best known works. Although it is ostensibly about two sisters' misadventures with goblins, critics have interpreted the piece in a variety of ways: seeing it as an allegory about temptation and salvation; a commentary on Victorian gender roles and female agency; and a work about erotic desire and social redemption. Rossetti was a volunteer worker from 1859 to 1870 at the St. Mary Magdalene "house of charity" in Highgate, a refuge for former prostitutes and it is suggested Goblin Market may have been inspired by the "fallen women" she came to know. There are parallels with Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner given both poems' religious themes of temptation, sin and redemption by vicarious suffering. She was ambivalent about women's suffrage, but many scholars have identified feminist themes in her poetry She was opposed to slavery (in the American South), cruelty to animals (in the prevalent practice of animal experimentation), and the exploitation of girls in under-age prostitution.

Rossetti maintained a very large circle of friends and correspondents and continued to write and publish for the rest of her life, primarily focusing on devotional writing and children's poetry. In 1892, Rossetti wrote The Face of the Deep, a book of devotional prose, and oversaw the production of a new and enlarged edition of Sing-Song, published in 1893. In the later decades of her life, Rossetti suffered from Graves Disease, suffering a nearly fatal attack in the early 1870s. In 1893, she developed breast cancer and though the tumour was removed, she suffered a recurrence in September 1894. She died the following year on 29 December 1894 and was buried in Highgate Cemetery.

Recognition
Eleven of her poems ("Bride Song," "A Birthday," "Song," "Twice," "Uphill," "Passing Away," "Marvel of Marvels," "Is it Well with the Child?", "Remember," "Aloof," and "Rest") were included in the Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1900.

In the early 20th century Rossetti's popularity faded in the wake of Modernism. In the 1970s scholars began to rediscover and critique her work again, and it regained admittance to the Victorian literary canon.

Rossetti is honoured with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on April 27.

Her Christmas poem "In the Bleak Midwinter" became widely known after her death when set as a much loved Christmas carol first by Gustav Holst, and then by Harold Darke. Her poem "Love Came Down at Christmas" (1885) has also been widely arranged as a carol.

Poetry

 * Verses. London: privately printed by G. Polidori, 1847.
 * The Prince's Progress, and other poems. London: Macmillan, 1866.
 * Poems. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1866
 * Author's edition (revised and enlarged). Boston: Little, Brown, 1876.
 * Goblin Market, The Prince's Progress, and other poems . London: Macmillan, 1879.
 * A Pageant, and other poems. London: Macmillan, 1881.
 * Poems (new and enlarged edition). London: Macmillan, 1890.
 * Verses by Christina G. Rossetti (edited by Hugh De Bock Porter & Mary E Porter). London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge / New York: E. & J.B. Young, 1893.
 * Posthumous
 * New Poems by Christina Rossetti: Hitherto unpublished or uncollected (edited by William Michael Rossetti). London & New York: Macmillan, 1896.
 * The Rossetti Birthday Book (edited by Olivia Rossetti Agresti). London: Macmillan, 1896.
 * The Poetical Works of Christina Georgina Rossetti (edited by William Michael Rossetti). London & New York: Macmillan, 1904.
 * Poems (introduction by Alice Meynell; illustrated by Florence Harrison). London: Blackie, 1906.
 * Selected Poems of Christina Rossetti (edited by Alexander Smellie). London: Andrew Melrose, 1907.
 * Selected Poems of Christina Rossetti (edited by Charles Bell Burke). New York: Macmillan, 1913.
 * Christina Rossetti: Poems chosen (edited by Walter de la Mare). Newtown, Montgomeryshire, UK: Gregynog Press, 1930.
 * Selected Poems of Christina Rossetti (edited by Marya Zaturenska). London & New York: Macmillan, 1970.
 * A Choice of Christina Rossetti's Verse (edited by Elizabeth Jennings). London: Faber & Faber, 1970.
 * The Complete Poems of Christina Rossetti (variorum edition; edited by Rebecca W Crump). (3 volumes), Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. Volume I, 1979; Volume II, 1986; Volume III'', 1990.
 * abridged (1 volume), London & New York: Penguin, 2001.
 * Christina Rossetti: Selected poems (edited by C.H. Sisson). Manchester, UK: Carcanet, 1984.
 * Selected Poems of Christina Rossetti (edited by Katherine McGowran). Ware, Hertfordshire, UK: Wordsworth Editions, 2001.
 * The Poetry of Christina Rossetti (edited by Emma Topping). Guildford, UK: Saland, 2011.

Fiction

 * Commonplace, and other short stories. London: F.S. Ellis, 1870; Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1870.

Non-fiction

 * Annus Domini: A prayer for each day of the year, founded on a text of Holy Scripture. London & Oxford, UK: James Parker, 1874.
 * Seek and Find: A double series of short studies of the Benedicite. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge / New York: Pott, Young, 1879.
 * Called to Be Saints: The minor festivals devotionally studied. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge / New York: E. & J.B. Young, 1881.
 * Letter and Spirit: Notes on the Commandments. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge / New York: E. & J.B. Young, 1883.
 * "Dante, an English classic." Churchman's Shilling Magazine and Family Treasury 2 (1867): 200-205.
 * "Dante: The poet illustrated out of the poem." The Century (February 1884): 566-73.
 * The Face of the Deep: A devotional commentary on the Apocalypse.. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge / New York: E. & J.B. Young, 1892.

Juvenile

 * Goblin Market. Cambridge, UK: Macmillan, 1862; Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1866.
 * Author's revised edition, 1876.
 * New York: Dover, 1994; Cambridge, UK Salt Publishing, 2009.
 * Sing-Song: A nursery rhyme book. London: George Routledge, 1872
 * enlarged edition. London & New York: Macmillan, 1893.
 * Sing-Song: A nursery rhyme book, and other poems for children (illustrated by Marguerite Davis). New York: Macmillan, 1922.
 * Verses from Sing-Song (edited by Marion R. Kohs). New York: Pied Piper, 1945.
 * Sing-Song: A nursery rhyme book (illustrated by Arthur Hughes). New York: Dover, 1968.
 * Speaking Likenesses. London & New York: Macmillan, 1874.
 * Maude: A story for girls. London: J. Bowden, 1897.
 * published in U.S. as Maude: Prose and verse. Chicago: H.S. Stone, 1897.
 * Poems for Children (edited by Melvin Hix). New York & Boston: Educational Publishing, 1907.
 * What is Pink? (illustrated by Jose Aruego). New York: Macmillan, 1971.
 * Fly Away, Fly Away, Over the Sea, and other poems for children (illustrated by Bernadette Watts). New York: North-South, 1991.
 * Color: A poem (illustrated by Mary Teichman). New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

Collected editions

 * Selected Prose of Christina Rossetti (edited by David A Kent & P.G. Stanwood). New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
 * The Works of Christina Rossetti (edited by Martin Comer). Ware, Hertfordshire, UK: Wordsworth Editions, 1995.
 * Prose Works of Christina Rossetti. Bristol, UK: Thoemmes Press / Tokyo: Edition Synapse, 2003.
 * Poems and Prose (edited by Simon Humphries). Oxford, UK, & New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Letters and journals

 * Time Flies: A reading diary. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1885; Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1886.
 * The Family Letters of Christina Georgina Rossetti: With some supplementary letters and appendices (edited by William Michael Rossetti). London: Brown, Langham, 1908
 * New York: Haskell House, 1968; Folcroft, PA: Folcroft Library Editions, 1973.
 * The Rossetti-Macmillan Letters: Some 133 unpublished letters written to Alexander Macmillan, F.S. Ellis, and others, by Dante Gabriel, Christina, and William Michael Rossetti, 1861-1889 (edited by Frederick Startridge Ellis). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1963.
 * The Letters of Christina Rossettii (edited by Anthony H. Harrison). Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2004.
 * Volume I: 1843-1873, 1997
 * Volume II: 1874-1881, 1999
 * Volume III: 1882-1886, 2000
 * Volume IV: 1887-1894, 2004.

Except where noted, bibliographical information courtesy WorldCat.

Poems by Christina Rossetti

 * 1) A Birthday
 * 2) In the Bleak Midwinter
 * 3) May