Matter of Britain

The Matter of Britain is a name given collectively to the body of literature and legendary material associated with Great Britain and its legendary kings, particularly King Arthur. Together with the Matter of France, which concerned the legends of Charlemagne, and the Matter of Rome, which included material derived from or inspired by classical mythology, it was one of the three great literary cycles recalled repeatedly in medieval literature.

History
The three "Matters" were first described in the 12th century by the French poet Jean Bodel, whose epic Chanson de Saisnes contains the line:


 * Ne sont que III matières à nul homme atandant,
 * De France et de Bretaigne, et de Rome la grant.


 * There are but 3 matters that no man should be without,
 * That of France, of Britain, and of great Rome.

The name distinguishes and relates the Matter of Britain from the mythological themes taken from classical antiquity, the "Matter of Rome", and the tales of the paladins of Charlemagne and their wars with the Moors and Saracens, which constituted the "Matter of France". While Arthur is the chief subject of the Matter of Britain, other lesser-known legendary history of Great Britain, including the stories of Brutus of Britain, King Cole, King Lear, and Gogmagog, is also included in the Matter of Britain: see Legendary kings of the British.

Legendary history of Britain
It could be said that the legendary history of Britain was created in part to form a body of patriotic myth for the country. Several agendas thus can be seen in this body of literature.

The Historia Britonum, the earliest known source of the story of Brutus of Britain, may have been devised to create a distinguished genealogy for a number of Welsh princes in the 9th century. Traditionally attributed to Nennius, its actual compiler is unknown; it exists in several recensions. This tale went on to achieve greater currency because its inventor linked Brutus to the diaspora of heroes that followed the Trojan War, and thus provided raw material which later mythographers such as Geoffrey of Monmouth, Michael Drayton, and John Milton could draw upon, linking the settlement of Britain to the heroic age of Greek literature, for their several and diverse literary purposes. As such, this material could be used for patriotic mythmaking just as Virgil linked the mythical founding of Rome to the Trojan War in The Æneid. Geoffrey of Monmouth also introduced the fanciful claim that the Trinovantes, reported by Tacitus as dwelling in the area of London, had a name he interpreted as Troi-novant, "New Troy".

More speculative claims link Welsh mythology with several of the rulers and incidents compiled by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniæ. It has been suggested, for instance, that Leir of Britain, who later became Shakespeare's King Lear, was originally the Welsh sea-god Llŷr (see also the Irish sea-god Lir). Various Celtic deities have been identified with characters from Arthurian literature as well: Morgan le Fay was often thought to have originally been the Welsh goddess Modron (cf. the Irish goddess Mórrígan). Many of these identifications come from the speculative comparative religion of the late 19th century, and have been questioned in more recent years.

William Shakespeare seems to have been deeply interested in the legendary history of Britain, and to have been familiar with some of its more obscure byways. Shakespeare's plays contain several tales relating to these legendary kings, such as King Lear and Cymbeline. It has been suggested that Shakespeare's Welsh schoolmaster Thomas Jenkins introduced him to this material, and perhaps directed him to read Geoffrey of Monmouth. These tales also figure in Raphael Holinshed's The Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which also appears in Shakespeare's sources for Macbeth.

Other early authors also drew from the early Arthurian and pseudo-historical sources of the Matter of Britain. The Scots, for instance, formulated a mythical history in the Picts and the Dál Riata royal lines. While they do eventually become factual lines, unlike those of Geoffrey, their origins are vague and often incorporate both aspects of mythical British history and mythical Irish history. The story of Gabhran especially incorporates elements of both those histories.

The Arthurian cycle
The Arthurian literary cycle is the best known part of the Matter of Britain. It has succeeded largely because it tells two interlocking stories that have intrigued many later authors. One concerns Camelot, usually envisioned as a doomed utopia of chivalric virtue, undone by the fatal flaws of Arthur and Sir Lancelot. The other concerns the quests of the various knights to achieve the Holy Grail; some succeed (Galahad, Percival), and others fail (Lancelot).

The medieval tale of Arthur and his knights is full of Christian themes; those themes involve the destruction of human plans for virtue by the moral failures of their characters, and the quest for an important Christian relic. Finally, the relationships between the characters invited treatment in the tradition of courtly love, such as Lancelot and Guinevere, or Tristan and Iseult. In more recent years, the trend has been to attempt to link the tales of King Arthur and his knights with Celtic mythology, usually in highly romanticized, early 20th century reconstructed versions.

Additionally, it is possible to read the Arthurian literature in general, and that concerned with the Grail tradition in particular, as an allegory of human development and spiritual growth (a theme explored by mythologist Joseph Campbell amongst others).

Legendary kings and founders

 * Brutus of Britain
 * Corineus
 * King Cole
 * Cymbeline


 * Leir of Britain (Shakespeare's King Lear)
 * Cassibelanus
 * Caradocus


 * Aurelius Ambrosius
 * Uther Pendragon
 * Cadwallader

Arthur and his entourage

 * King Arthur
 * the Round Table
 * Guinevere, wife of Arthur


 * Excalibur, Arthur's magic sword
 * Uther Pendragon, father of Arthur
 * Camelot, Arthur's capital


 * Mordred, Arthur's heir and enemy
 * Avalon, Arthur's resting place

Knights of the Round Table

 * Lancelot
 * Galehaut
 * Galahad
 * Tristan
 * Gawain
 * Percival
 * Bors


 * Geraint
 * Gareth
 * Kay
 * Lamorak
 * Gaheris
 * Bedivere
 * Agravaine
 * Caradoc


 * Sagramore
 * Calogrenant
 * Ywain
 * Erec
 * Pelleas
 * Palamedes
 * Dinadan

Other important figures

 * Merlin
 * Morgan le Fay


 * Sir Ector
 * The Lady of the Lake

Modern

 * Lloyd Alexander
 * René Barjavel
 * T. A. Barron
 * Marion Zimmer Bradley
 * Gillian Bradshaw
 * Bernard Cornwell
 * Michael Drayton
 * Hal Foster
 * Parke Godwin


 * Raphael Holinshed


 * David Jones
 * Debra A. Kemp
 * Stephen Lawhead
 * Rosalind Miles
 * Michel Rio
 * William Shakespeare
 * Edmund Spenser
 * John Steinbeck


 * Mary Stewart
 * Rosemary Sutcliff
 * Alfred, Lord Tennyson
 * Mark Twain
 * Charles White
 * T. H. White
 * Jack Whyte
 * Charles Williams
 * Elizabeth Wein