Theodore O'Hara



Theodore O'Hara (February 11, 1820 - June 6, 1867) was an American poet and soldier: an officer for the United States Army in the Mexican-American War, and a Confederate colonel in the American Civil War. He is best known for the poems The Bivouac of the Dead, which is quoted in many cemeteries, and The Old Pioneer.

Early life
Theodore O'Hara was born to notable educator Kane O'Hara and his wife in Danville, Kentucky on February 11, 1820. Afterwards, the family moved to Frankfort, Kentucky. He returned to Danville to go to Centre College, and then continued his education at St. Joseph Academy in Bardstown, Kentucky, where he also served as a Greek professor during his senior year. He later studied law with future United States Vice President and Confederate Secretary of War John C. Breckinridge, and was admitted to the bar in 1842. He decided to forgo law and went to journalism in 1845, just before being appointed for a position in the United States Treasury department in 1845.

Mexican-American War
As the Mexican-American War was just beginning, Theodore O'Hara signed up for the U.S. Army on June 26, 1846. He held the positions of captain and quartermaster of volunteers under General Gideon J. Pillow as they advanced upon Mexico City, Mexico. For excellent conduct in the Battle of Contreras and the Battle of Churubusco, O'Hara was honored with the rank of brevet-major on August 20, 1847. He was honorably discharged on October 15, 1848. After the war ended in 1848, O'Hara returned to Washington, D.C. to continue his law practices until 1851.

Between wars
Theodore O'Hara was a firm believer in American expansion, in the form of filibustering. He joined others from Kentucky in an expedition to Cuba in 1850, after spending much of 1849 recruiting Kentuckians to the filibuster cause. Under the command of General Narciso López, Theodore O'Hara commanded a regiment in the hopes of removing Spanish rule from Cuba with the rank of colonel. In the battle of Cárdenas on May 18, 1850, he suffered a severe injury. After Lopez failed and died in his Cuba position in 1851, Theodore O'Hara returned to Kentucky, after fellow Kentuckians serving in Cuba took O'Hara with him as they escaped, returning to the United States at Key West, Florida.

Theodore O'Hara went back to journalism, first working for the Frankfort Yeoman of Frankfort, Kentucky, and then helping to found the original Louisville Times of Louisville, Kentucky in 1852, which became an organ for spreading Democratic Party propaganda. O'Hara left the Louisville Times in 1853 to join General John A. Quitman's filibuster expedition to Cuba. After Quitman's efforts failed, O'Hara attained a commission in the United States Army, was appointed captain of the Second Cavalry on March 3, 1855, and returned to Louisville as a recruiter for the Army. He was reassigned to Indian fighting on the prairies of Texas. He was forced to resign on December 1, 1856 by none other than the great (then Lt. Colonel) Robert E. Lee, as Lee brought up charges of drunkenness against O'Hara, and threatened O'Hara with court martial.

When John Forsyth Jr., editor-in-chief of the Mobile Register of Mobile, Alabama became minister to Mexico in 1856, O'Hara took his place in the newspaper. He continued to follow government orders, such as his diplomatic mission into the Tehuantepec grant debate. Although speculated, it was never proven that he was involved with William Walker's filibuster expedition to Nicaragua.

Civil War
At the beginning of the American Civil War in 1861, Theodore O'Hara joined the Confederate army and became colonel of the Twelfth Alabama Regiment. He would serve with General Albert Sidney Johnston and General John C. Breckinridge, his fellow law student. He distinguished himself in the Western Theater of the War in Tennessee at the Battle of Shiloh and Battle of Stone's River. However, conflicts O'Hara had with both General Braxton Bragg and President of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis hampered his military career and made his efforts to attain a regimental command futile.

After the war ended, Theodore O'Hara went to Columbus, Georgia to be in the cotton business, but eventually lost his business in a fire. He later resided on a plantation near Guerrytown, Alabama where he died and was returned to Columbus for burial.

Recognition
On September 15, 1874, his remains, along with those of other Mexican War officers were buried in the state cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky, Frankfort Cemetery. Theodore O'Hara's friend Sergeant Henry T. Stanton read "The Bivouac of the Dead" at the reinternment and said, "O’Hara, in giving utterance to this song, became at once the builder of his own monument and the author of his own epitaph." Lines from the poem would eventually grace the gates of numerous national cemeteries and several monuments of Confederate Dead. In particular, the first verse's second quatrain is often used:
 * On Fame's eternal camping-ground
 * Their silent tents are spread,
 * And Glory guards, with solemn round,
 * The bivouac of the dead.

However, due to the fact he served for the Confederacy, Theodore O'Hara would often go uncredited when the quatrain was used in a non-Confederate cemetery setting. There is a dispute on when Theodore O'Hara wrote. It is popularly thought to be written after the Battle of Buena Vista of 1847, where many Kentucky volunteers died. Other's say it was actually written after the Battle of Cárdenas in 1851. The New York Times wrote it was first published in the Frankfort Yeoman in 1850, which puts it before O'Hara's Cuba adventures.