Enjambment



Enjambment or enjambement is the breaking of a syntactic unit (a phrase, clause, or sentence) by the end of a line or between two verses. It is to be contrasted with end-stopping, where each linguistic unit corresponds with a single line, and caesura, in which the linguistic unit ends mid-line. The term is directly borrowed from the French enjambement, meaning "straddling" or "bestriding". Enjambment is sometimes referred to as a "run-on line".

Use
Enjambment may also be used to delay the intention of the line until the following line and thus play on the expectation of the reader and surprise them. Alexander Pope uses this technique for humorous effect in the following lines from The Rape of the Lock:


 * On her white breast a sparkling cross she wore
 * Which Jews might kiss, and infidels adore.

The second line should confuse the reader, raising the question "Why would a Jew or infidel adore a cross?" On second reading, the reader should realize that "breast" does not carry the general androgynous connotation of "chest" but instead the specific idea of a woman's breasts, which are so attractive that a man of any religion would kiss the Christian cross to be near.

Enjambment may be used in light verse, such as to form a word that rhymes with "orange", as in this example by Willard Espy, in his poem "The Unrhymable Word: Orange":
 * The four eng-
 * ineers
 * Wore orange
 * brassieres.

Another usage is in alluding to taboo words, as in the clapping game "Miss Susie", which uses the break "... Hell / -o operator" to allude to the taboo word "Hell", then replaces it with the innocuous "hello".

Shakespeare
The following lines from Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale (c. 1611) are heavily enjambed:
 * I am not prone to weeping, as our sex
 * Commonly are; the want of which vain dew
 * Perchance shall dry your pities; but I have
 * That honourable grief lodged here which burns
 * Worse than tears drown.

Meaning flows as the lines progress, and the reader’s eye is forced to go on to the next sentence. It can also make the reader feel uncomfortable or the poem feel like “flow-of-thought” with a sensation of urgency or disorder.

In contrast, the following lines from Romeo and Juliet (c. 1595) are completely end-stopped:


 * A glooming peace this morning with it brings.
 * The sun for sorrow will not show his head.
 * Go hence, to have more talk of these sad things.
 * Some shall be pardon’d, and some punished.

Each line is formally correspondent with a unit of thought &mdash; in this case, a clause of a sentence. End-stopping is more frequent in early Shakespeare: as his style developed, the proportion of enjambment in his plays increased. Scholars such as Goswin König and A. C. Bradley have estimated approximate dates of undated works of Shakespeare by studying the frequency of enjambment.

E. E. Cummings
A master of enjambment, E. E. Cummings combined it with the use of punctuation as an art form:
 * i carry your heart with me(i carry it in
 * my heart)i am never without it(anywhere
 * i go you go,my dear;and whatever is done
 * by only me is your doing,my darling)
 * ——————————————————— i fear
 * no fate(for you are my fate,my sweet)i want
 * no world(for beautiful you are my world,my true)
 * and it's you are whatever a moon has always meant
 * and whatever a sun will always sing is you


 * here is the deepest secret nobody knows
 * (here is the root of the root and the bud of the bud
 * and the sky of the sky of a tree called life;which grows
 * higher than soul can hope or mind can hide)
 * and this is the wonder that's keeping the stars apart


 * i carry your heart(i carry it in my heart)

Catullus
For another example of enjambment in poetry, look at the opening lines of Catullus XIII, ad Fabullum:


 * Cenabis bene, mi Fabulle, apud me
 * paucis, si tibi di favent, diebus,
 * si tecum attuleris bonam atque magnam
 * cenam, non sine candida puella
 * et vino et sale et omnibus cachinnis.

Here is an English translation, roughly preserving word order:


 * You will dine well, my Fabullus, at my house
 * in a few, if the gods favor you, days,
 * and if you bring with you a good and great
 * dinner, not without a white girl
 * and wine and wit and laughs for all.

The phrase si tecum attuleris bonam atque magnam / cenam (“if you bring with you a good and great / dinner”) is sharply enjambed between the third and fourth lines.