Apocope



In phonology, apocope (, from the Greek apokoptein "cutting off", from apo- "away from" and koptein "to cut") is the loss of one or more sounds from the end of a word, and especially the loss of an unstressed vowel.

Historical sound change
In historical phonetics, the term apocope is often (but not always) limited to the loss of an unstressed vowel.

Loss of an unstressed vowel (with nasal)

 * Vulgar Latin pan[em] > Spanish pan ("bread")
 * Vulgar Latin lup[um] > French loup ("wolf") list

Loss of other sounds

 * Latin illu[d] > Spanish ello

Case marker
In the Estonian language and Sami languages, apocopes help explain the forms of grammatical cases. For example, a nominative is described as having apocope of the final vowel, whereas the genitive does not. Throughout its history, however, the genitive case marker has also undergone apocope: linn ("a city") vs. linna ("of a city"), is derived from linna and linnan, respectively. In the genitive form, final /n/, while being deleted, blocked the loss of /a/. In spoken Finnish, the final vowel is sometimes omitted from case markers.

Grammatical rule
Some languages have apocopations internalized as mandatory forms. In Spanish and Italian, for example, some adjectives that come before the noun lose the final vowel or syllable when they precede a noun (mainly) in the masculine singular form. In Spanish some adverbs, cardinal and ordinal numbers have apocopations as well.


 * Adjectives
 * Grande ("big"/"great") → gran → gran aventura (feminine) ("great adventure". Currently, never "grande aventura", except in comparative forms: la más grande carrera)
 * Bueno ("good") → buen → buen hombre (masculine) ("good man")
 * Adverbs
 * Mucho ("very") → muy → muy cansado ("very tired")
 * Tanto ("so") → tan → tan hermoso ("so beautiful")
 * Cardinal numbers
 * Uno ("one"/"a"/"an") → un → un niño ("a child")
 * Ciento ("hundred") → cien → Cien años de soledad ("One hundred years of solitude")
 * Ordinal numbers
 * Primero ("first") → primer → primer premio ("first prize")
 * Tercero ("third") → tercer → tercer lugar ("third place")

Informal speech
Various sorts of informal abbreviations might be classed as apocope:
 * English photograph > photo
 * French sympathique(s) > sympa "nice"
 * French réactionnaire > réac "reactionary"
 * English animation > Japanese anime-shon > anime
 * English synchronization > sync, synch, syncro, or synchro
 * English Alexander > Alex and so on with other diminutives
 * Spanish fotografía > foto "photography"
 * Spanish televisión > tele "television"

For a list of similar apocopations in the English language, see List of English apocopations. These processes are also linguistically subsumed under a process called truncation.