William Gilmore Simms



William Gilmore Simms (April 17, 1806 – June 11, 1870) was an American poet, novelist and historian from the American South. His writings achieved great prominence during the 19th century, with Edgar Allan Poe pronouncing him the best novelist America had ever produced. In recent decades, Simms's novels have fallen out of favor, although he is still known among literary scholars as a major force in antebellum Southern literature.

Youth
Simms was born on April 17, 1806, in Charleston, South Carolina, of Scottish-Irish ancestors. His mother died during his infancy, and his father failed in business and joined Coffee's Indian fighters; as a result, Simms was brought up by his grandmother. In his teen years, he worked as a clerk in a drug store but began to study law at the age of eighteen. He married Anna Malcolm Giles in 1826. The bar of Charleston admitted him to practice in 1827, though he soon abandoned this profession for literature.

Early writing
He first wrote poetry at the age of eight, and in his 19th year he produced a monody on General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Charleston, 1825). Two years later, in 1827, Lyrical and Other Poems and Early Lays appeared. In 1828 he became a journalist as well as editor and part owner of the City Gazette, a role he held until 1832 when the publication failed. Simms then devoted his attention entirely to writing and in rapid succession published Tile Vision of Cones, Cain, and Other Poems (1829); The Tricolor, or Three Days of Blood in Paris (1830); and his strongest poem, Atalantis, a Tale of the Sea (1832). Atalantis established his fame as an author. His novel Martin Faber, the Story of a Criminal, an expanded version of an earlier short story called "The Confessions of a Murderer", was published in 1833 and made Simms known to a national audience.

Novels about the South
Simms wrote a number of popular novels between 1830 and 1860, usually focusing on the pre-colonial and colonial periods of Southern history. These included such titles as The Yemassee (1835); The Lily and the Totem, or, The Huguenots in Florida (1850); Vasconselos (1853); and The Cassique of Kiawah (1859). Many critics believe The Cassique of Kiawah to be Simms's best written work. At first, Southern readers, especially those in his home town of Charleston did not support Simms's work because he lacked an aristocratic background. Eventually, however, he was referred to as the Southern version of James Fenimore Cooper and Charleston residents invited him into their prestigious St. Cecilia Society.

Simms also wrote 8 novels set in South Carolina during the American Revolutionary War, beginning with The Partisan (1835), which was likely Simms's most-read novel. . Other titles included Mellichampe (1836), The Kinsmen (1841), Katharine Walton (1851), The Forayers (1855), Eutaw (1856), and Joscelyn (1867). Finally, Simms wrote 10 novels dealing with the expansion into the frontier territory from Georgia to Louisiana, such as ''Richard Hurdis; or, the Avenger of Blood. A Tale of Alabama (1838) and Border Beagles: A Tale of Mississippi'' (1840). In 1852, Simms published The Tennessean’s Story, his only full-length work of Southern humor. He also wrote poetry and, in a letter to literary critic and poet Rufus Wilmot Griswold, Simms said that he was not interested in form as much as content, torn "between the desire to appear correct, and the greater desire to be original and true".

Historian and politician
Simms was one of the best, and most respected, historians of his day. His History of South Carolina (1842) served for several generations as the standard school textbook on the state's history. He also wrote enormously popular biographies of Revolutionary War heroes Francis Marion, Nathanael Greene, and John Laurens, as well as John Smith and the Chevalier Bayard. Additionally, Simms was a popular lecturer on American history and accumulated one of the largest collections of Revolutionary War manuscripts. Unfortunately, most of this collection was lost when Sherman's army burned his home.

Simms served in the state House of Representatives in 1844–1846, after which he was defeated in the election for lieutenant governor by only one vote.

Pro-slavery writings
Simms is also remembered today for his strong support of slavery and for his opposition to Harriet Beecher Stowe's abolitionist novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, in response to which he wrote reviews and a novel, The Sword and the Distaff.

Even though The Sword and the Distaff came out only a few months after Stowe's novel, it contains a number of sections and discussions that are clearly debating Stowe's book and view of slavery. The novel focuses on the Revolutionary War and its aftermath through the lives of Captain Porgy and one of his slaves. Many of Simms' other writings took a similar pro-slavery viewpoint.

Simms' book was one of between 20 and 30 Anti-Tom novels written after Stowe's book. As in Simms' book, these novels tended to feature a benign white patriarchal master and a pure wife, both of whom presided over childlike slaves in a benevolent extended-family-style plantation. Simms' novel was popular enough that it was reprinted in 1854 under the title Woodcraft.

Later life
In Simms' later years, he became part of the Southern plantation class and firmly supported slavery and Southern secession. During the American Civil War, Simms espoused the side of the Secessionists in a weekly newspaper and suffered damage at the hands of the Federal troops when they entered Charleston.

Simms wrote little after the Civil War, though he compiled an anthology of Southern war poems in 1866. He died at his home at 13 Society Street in Charleston on June 11, 1870. He is buried in Magnolia Cemetery.

Writing
By the mid-1840s, Simms's fame for his novels was so great that Edgar Allan Poe declared Simms to be "The best novelist which this country has, on the whole, produced" and "immeasurably the greatest writer of fiction in America". Simms's story collection The Wigwam and the Cabin was singled out by Poe as "decidedly the most American of American books". However, despite having achieved a very good literary reputation during his lifetime, today Simms' novels are, for the most part, out of print. Eminent Simms scholar Dr. David Aiken has observed that Simms was purged from the canon of American literature because of the "unpardonable sin Simms committed when he published an account of Columbia's destruction in which he dared to deny the North a righteous victory" as Simms asserted of the North's tactics in the Civil War, "whatever might have existed in virtue of their cause, is forfeit by the processes which they have taken for its maintainance". Donald Davidson claimed, "The neglect of Simms' stature is nothing less than a scandal when it results....in the disappearance of his books from the common market and therefore from the readers' bookshelf. This is literary murder". Still, he is known among literary scholars as a major force in Antebellum literature., and though his outstanding genius and literary accomplishments have been largely overlooked, this has caused Simms to come to embody the "outsider" nature of contemporary Southern fiction.

Recognition
The University of Alabama conferred on Simms the degree of LL.D.

A large bust of Simms was erected in 1879 in a central location of Charleston's Battery Park.

Dr. Mary Ann Wimsatt, the major Simms scholar of her generation, has published dozens of articles about the author, and two widely praised editions of his works. The first, The Major Fiction of William Gilmore Simms, was published by Louisiana State University Press in 1989. The second, an edition of twelve Simms short stories titled Tales of the South, was published by the University of South Carolina Press in 1996. A reviewer in the Virginia Quarterly Review styled Wimsatt's edition magisterial.

Poetry

 * Monody, on the Death of Gen. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. 1825.
 * Lyrical and other poems. 1827.
 * The Vision of Cones, Cain, and other poems. 1829.
 * Selected Poems of William Gilmore Simms. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1990.

Plays

 * Atalantis: A story of the sea. Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, 1848.

Novels

 * The Yemassee: A romance of Carolina. New York: Lovell, Coryell, 1826; New York: Harper, 1835.
 * The Tricolor, or Three Days of Blood in Paris (1830)
 * Martin Faber, the Story of a Criminal (1833)
 * Guy Rivers: A tale of Georgia. New York: Harper, 1834.
 * (edited by John Caldwell Guilds). Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 1993.
 * The Partisan: A romance of the Revolution. New York: Harper, 1835
 * Richmond, NJ: Gregg Press, 1968; Spartanburg, SC: S.C. Reprint Co., 1975
 * (edited by Stephen Meats & Dianne C. Luce). Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 2011.
 * Mellichampe (1836)
 * Richard Hurdis, or The avenger of blood. Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, 1838. Volume I, Volume II.
 * republished as Richard Hurdis: A tale of Alabama. New York: Redfield, 1855.
 * (edited by John Caldwell Guilds). Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 1995.
 * Border Beagles: A tale of Mississippi. Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, 1840.
 * The Kinsmen (1841)
 * Katherine Walton (1851)
 * The Tennessean's Story (1852)
 * The Golden Christmas (1852)
 * Vasconselos (1853)
 * Marie de Berniere: A Tale of the Crescent City. Philadelphia: Lippincott & Grambo, 1853.
 * The Sword and the Distaff. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, 1853.
 * The Scout;, or The black riders of Congaree. New York: Redfield, 1854.
 * Ridgewood, NJ: Gregg, 1968; Spartanburg, SC: S.C. Reprint Co., 1975.
 * Woodcraft; or, Hawks about the dovecote: A story of the south at the close of the Revolution. New York: Redfield, 1854
 * Ridgewood, NJ: Gregg, 1968; Spartanburg, SC: S.C. Reprint Co., 1976
 * New Haven, CT: New College and University Press, 1983.
 * The Forayers (1855)
 * Eutaw: A sequel to The Forayers; or, The raid of the dog-days: A tale of the Revolution. (1856)
 * The Cassique of Kiawah (1859)
 * Joscelyn (1867)

Short fiction

 * Carl Werner, an imaginative story, with other tales of the imagination. New York: George Adlard, 1838.
 * The Wigwam and the Cabin (first series. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845.
 * Backwoods Tales: Paddy McGann, Sharp Snaffles, and Bill Bauldy: Selected fiction of William Gilmore Simms (edited by James L.W. West). Fayettewille, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 2010.

Non-fiction

 * History of South Carolina (1842)
 * Views and Reviews in American Literature, History and Fiction, First Series. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845.
 * The Life of Francis Marion. New York: G.F. Cooledge, 1840; New York: H.G. Langley, 1844.
 * The Life of the Chevalier Bayard. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1847.
 * The Huguenots in Florida, or The lily and the totem. New York: Charles Scribner, 1854.
 * The History of South Carolina: From its first European discovery until its erection into a republic. New York: Redfield, 1860.
 * revised by Mary Simms Oliphant as The History of South Carolina. Columbia, SC: State, 1918. 
 * The Life of Nathanael Greene, Major-general in the Army of the Revolution. New York: Derby & Jackson, 1861.
 * A City Laid Waste: The Capture, Sack, and Destruction of the City of Columbia (1865)
 * The Sense of the Beautiful: An address delivered by W. Gilmore Simms before the Charleston County Agricultural and Horticultural Association. Charleston, SC: Walker, Evans, & Cogswell, 1870.

Collected editions

 * Works of William Gilmore Simms. New York: W.J. Widdleton, 1853-1866.
 * The Writings of William Gilmore Simms (Centennial edition). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1969.
 * The Revolutionary War in South Carolina: An anthology, compiled from the writings of William Gilmore Simms (edited by Stephen Meats). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, 1975.
 * The Simms Reader: Selections from the writings of William Gilmore Simms (edited by John Caldwell Guilds). Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2001.
 * An Early and Strong Sympathy: The Indian writings of William Gilmore Simms(edited by John Caldwell Guilds & Charles M Hudson). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2003.

Letters

 * Letters of William Gilmore Simms. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1952-1982.

Except where noted, bibliographical information courtesy WorldCat.