English words first found in Chaucer

The English words first found in Chaucer are a set of about two thousand English words that Geoffrey Chaucer is credited as being the first use found today in existing manuscripts. This does not mean that he was the person to introduce these words into English, but that the earliest extant uses of these words are found in Chaucerian manuscripts. The words were already in everyday speech in 14th century England (especially London) and other parts of Europe. The claim is that these words are found for the first time in written manuscripts where he introduced them in one of his extensive works from 1374 - 1400 as the first author to use these particular words. Many of Chaucer's special manuscript words from the 14th century are used today:

absent, accident, add, agree, bagpipe, border, box, cinnamon, desk, digestion, dishonest, examination, finally, flute, funeral, galaxy, horizon, infect, ingot, latitude, laxative, miscarry, nod, obscure, observe, outrageous, perpendicular, Persian, princess, resolve, rumour, scissors, session, snort, superstitious, theatre, trench, universe, utility, vacation, Valentine, veal, village, vulgar, wallet, and wildness.

Etymology
Christopher Cannon, in The Making of Chaucer's English, gives a complete detailed work on the etymology of Chaucer's special manuscript words and references the Middle English Dictionary (MED) definitions and etymology of each of these words. He points out that the MED does not give details on the etymology of many of Chaucer's derived words, including many compounds, some participial adjectives, and most gerunds. Cannon also points out that, while the Oxford English Dictionary lists Chaucer as the first cited author of these words, it also is mostly silent on the etymologies of these particular derived words. Cannon furnishes a complete list of Chaucer's special manuscript words with their etymology.

Historian Albert Baugh points out that some of Chaucer's aureate words came from Latin or French origin. Some of Chaucer's aureate words like laureate, mediation, and oriental eventually became a part of everyday English. Baugh points out that the innovations of word development into common speech and everyday usage, such as these Chaucer words, is of considerable interest in the history of style.

List
Below is a complete list of the 1977 Chaucer's special manuscript words that are first found in the existing manuscripts below as listed in the Oxford English Dictionary as being the first cited author. Some now have different spellings and others are given the "root" word definition. Some of these words are now dated or obsolete. These manuscript words first found written in Chaucer's work, from The Canterbury Tales and other of his publications as shown below, were published in the 14th century.

Canterbury Tales General Prologue
The Canterbury Tales is a collection of tales written sometime after 1373, with 'sondry folk' that resemble Boccaccio's stories of The Decameron of fleeing nobles.

 acate, affile, alight, ambler, army, arrive, bagpipe, begster, borax, bourdon, bracer, bream, cape, ceruse, chape, clasp, cordial, dagger, debtless, digestible, dormant, Flandrish, foot-mantle, foster, gaud, hostelry, householder, in, jingle, knob, licentiate, line, luce, magic, magician, marrowbone, mercenary, miscarry, moral, pardoner, parvis, patent, perse, session, significavit, stew, wallet, whistling 

The Miller's Tale
The Miller's Tale is told by a drunken miller to "quite" (requite) The Knight's Tale. The word "quite" here means to make repayment for a service - telling stories.

 almagest, bragget, chant, cinnamon, fart, forge, haunch-bone, interrogation, keek, kneading, kneading-trough, lab, mislie, out, pearl, Pilate, piping, shelf, slumber, swive, tub, very, vere, watchet 

The Reeve's Tale
The Reeve's Tale is about two clerks tricking a miller. This tale is possibly based on Boccaccio's sixth story in The Decameron.

 bodkin, bolt, chime, derere, easement, grass time, halfway, jossa, messuage, mullock, popper, quack, sack, Sheffield, thick and thin, varnish 

The Cook's Tale
?

The Cook's Tale is a tale of an apprentice named Perkins who is fond of drinking and dancing. He ultimately is released from his master and moves in with a friend. This friend's wife is a prostitute. The story becomes more 'seedy', continuing the downward trend of the preceding tales.

''bribe, ? convertible, galliard, Harry, Hodge,''

louke, prenticehood

The Man of Law's Tale
The Man of Law's Tale is a story about a Christian princess named Constance. She is to marry a Syrian Sultan on condition that he convert to Christianity. His mother gets involved and sets her adrift at sea.?

 constabless, crone, dilatation, erect, femininity, feminity, man of law, mortally, motive, muse, peace, seriously, victorious, wrack 

The Wife of Bath's Tale
The Wife of Bath's Tale is a tale about marriage. Scholars have associated this story as one of the so-called "marriage group" of Chaucer tales.

 annex, ascendant, ba, bum, bumble, caterwaul, chose, disfigure, Ecclesiast, inclination, lure, Martian, peace, preamble, preambulation, resemblance, reveller, sip, spaniel, squire, stubborn, taur, vacation

The Friar's Tale
The Friar's Tale is a satirical attack on the profession as a summoner.

 approver, bribe, bribery, determinate, flattering, foal, rebeck 

The Summoner's Tale
The Summoner's Tale is a tale in defense of the satirical attack by the Friar.?

'' acceptable, ? chirt, dagon, demoniac, demonstrative, Dives, equally, pismire, reverberation, spence, swarm, tip, trip ''

The Clerk's Tale


The Clerk's Tale is the story of Griselda, a young woman whose husband tests her loyalty.

 amble, archwife, Chichevache, constant, dishonest, frowning, gaze, laureate, marquisess, mazedness, proem 

The Merchant's Tale
The Merchant's Tale reflects Boccaccio's Decameron seventh day in his ninth tale. Chaucer's tale is a sexually explicit story.

'' a-noon, arc, bedstraw, brotelness, court-man,

crake, hippocras, houndfish, ordinate, preen,

Priapus, procreation, skink, sole, struggle,

superlative, veal, vernage, visage ''

The Squire's Tale
The Squire's Tale is a tale of the Squire who is the Knight's son. The tale is an epic romance about a novice warrior and lover with more enthusiasm than experience. It is quite explicit and descriptive.

 albe, digestion, exaltation, feastly, heronsew, Pegasus, peregrine, plumage, poleyn, prolixity, prospection, prospective, resound, serve, Tartar, Tatar, trench, trill, trill

The Franklin's Tale
The Franklin's Tale focuses on issues of providence, truth, and generosity. A franklin was a medieval landowner.

 alnath, Armorica, arrayed, begged, begeth, collect, considering, declination, desk, equation, expanse, falconer, faring, Nowell, opposition, Parnassus, proportional, rigour, superstitious 

The Physician's Tale
The Physician's Tale is a domestic drama about the relationship between a daughter and her father.?

 award, definitive, notable, vicar general 

The Pardoner's Tale


The Pardoner's Tale is a tale in the form of a moral example.?

 bet, cinque, cinq, clink, corny, corpus, domination, envelop, fen, Galianes, policy, rioter, saffron, sane, village 

The Shipman's Tale
The Shipman's Tale is similar to some of Boccaccio's stories in his Decameron and tells the story of a stingy merchant, his greedy wife and her lover.

 creance, porteous, score 

The Prioress's Tale
The Prioress's Tale story is of a child martyr killed by Jews.?

 outcry, sold 

Tale of Sir Topas
Tale of Sir Topas is a self-portrait of Chaucer in an unflattering and humble manner. He presents himself as a reserved awkward person.?

 amble, piercing, poppet



The Knight's Tale
The Knight's Tale introduces many typical aspects of knighthood such as courtly love and moral issues.?

alan, attourne, breastplate, broid, buckle, cerrial, chaas, Circe, citrine, clottered, collared, execute, expel, expulsive, feminie, fluttery, funeral, gigge, holm, howl, huntress, intellect, kemp, lacing, laxative, Lucina, melancholic, menacing, mishap, mortal, mover, murmur, murmuring, muzzle, naker, narcotic, nymph, obsequy, obstacle, opie, opposite, oyez, parament, party, perturb, pharmacy, plain, portraiture, possibility, princess, progression, refuge, renting, returning, save, saving, serie, shouting, smiler, strangle, strangling, tester, thoroughfare, turret, vanishing, variation, vital, vomit, whippletree, winged

The Tale of Melibee
The Tale of Melibee is an intentionally boring tale.

 accidental, accomplish, annoyful, anoyful, arbitration, blameful, brigue, chincher, chinchery, commit, counterwait, damnably, desiring, edifice, especial, estable, examination, examining, formal, garnison, hotchpotch, information, mishappy, persevere, pertinent, retain, withholding 

The Monk's Tale
The Monk's Tale is a collection of seventeen short stories on the theme of tragedy. These are of Lucifer, Adam, Samson, Hercules, Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, Zenobia, Pedro of Castile, Peter I of Cyprus, Bernabò Visconti, Ugolino of Pisa, Nero, Holofernes, Antiochus, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar and Croesus. ? The Monk's Tale De Casibus Virorum Illustrium of these illustrious men is modeled after Boccaccio's De Casibus Virorum Illustrium of illustrious men.

 afear, annunciate, appurtenant, armless, centaur, Cerberus, clubbed, consecrate, conspiracy, contributary, cursedly, customance, custumance, hexameter, humblehede, importable, leonine, lim-rod, misery, misgovernance, monster, morality, Occident, orient, officer, Persian, pompous, precept, proverb, Septentrion, size, sperm 

The Nun's Priest's Tale
The Nun's Priest's Tale of the Cock and the Hen, Chanticleer and Partlet poem is a vigorous and comical beast fable and mock epic.?

 aha, apoplexy, catapuce, centaury, cholera, chuck, clinking, cottage, digestive, embattled, fortunate, fumitory, herb Ive, jade, jet, laureole, poop, reverse, tame, tiptoe 

The Second Nun's Tale
The Second Nun's Tale tells the story of Saint Cecilia.?

 chasteness, eternal, noble, oppose, oppress, outer, preface, prefect, proceed, rote, soul, trine 

The Canon's Yeoman's Tale
The Canon's Yeoman's Tale is an attack on alchemists.?

 ablution, amalgam, ammoniac, argol, arsenic, blunder, bole, calcination, calcining, cered, chalk-stone, citrination, clergial, coagulate, corrosive, crude, cucurbit, elixir, fermentation, fusible, gris, hayne, hazelwood, induration, ingot, introduction, lamp, luna, lunary, magnesia, malleable, mollification, orpiment, pellitory, porphyry, proffered, prowl, rap, rehearsal, relent, rosary, sal, sluttish, sol, sublime, sublimed, tartar, test, vitriol 

The Manciple's Tale
The Manciple's Tale is a story of a purchasing agent for a law court telling a fable about Phoebus Apollo and his pet crow.

 affect, bottle, cock, nod, palled, python, rackleness, textual, titleless 

The Book of the Duchess
The Book of the Duchess is a poem on the death of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster and the first wife of John of Gaunt.

 aside, bagge, bear 



The Parson's Tale
The Parson's Tale is a prose treatise on virtuous living.

 annoyance, appertain, ardour, ardor, arrogant, barring, bending, castle, closure, clotheless, consideration, contract, contumacy, create, curiousness, cutted, dedicate, departed, dishonesty, durable, elation, embracing, emprise, eschew, furring, gabber, hernia, homicide, homily, hostler, humiliation, impudent, manslaughter, material, mistrest, mortification, mystery, natural law, nigromancian, observe, ordure, ours, paling, parting, pax, perdurable, performing, platly, pounced, pouncing, raffle, replenish, retraction, slumbery, somnolence, springer, sticking, strangeness, sustenant, talker, thunderclap, total, trey, uncharitably 

Parlement of Foules
The Parliament of Fowls is a love poem associated with Valentine's Day. Many claim Chaucer is the mythmaker of the concept as we know it today. ?

 abstinent, bedside, blossomed, cackling, Cupid, disfigurate, dishevel, disobeisant, entitle, facund, formel, formal, horologe, messagery, mirthless, tercel, tiercel, tercelet, tiercelet, uncommitted, untressed, valence, Valentine, west 

The Romaunt of the Rose
The Romaunt of the Rose is an allegorical dream, in which the narrator receives advice from the god of love on gaining his lady's favor, her love being symbolized by a rose.

 absent, communably, forwelk, fresh, fur, galantine, guerdon, habit, householding, jacounce, jagounce, jargon, jocund, lambskin, lightsome, lozenge, mansuete, masonry, mavis, medlar, mendicity, mendience, miscoveting, misway, mourning black, muid, nock, non-certain, obscure, overgilt, outwine, outstretch, outsling, palasin, papelardy, par coeur, parochial, patter, praise, prill, prime temps, Proteus, quail-pipe, racine, ravisable, recreandise, refraining, reft, resemblable, return, reverie, ribanding, rideled, riverside, roin, roinous, rose-leaf, sailour, Sarsenish, satin, savorous, scutcheon, seemlihead, shutting, slitter, smallish, snort, squirrel, suckeny, tassel, terin, thick-set, thread, timbester, tissue, tress, tretis, villainsly, volage, waterside, well-arrayed, well begone, well beseen, well-fed, wyndre 

The House of Fame
The House of Fame is a love poem based on works by Ovid and Virgil. The allegorical poem consists of a dream that journeys to two temples, The House of Fame and The House of Rumour which are various aspects of truth and falsehood.

 accustomance, check, act, agreeable, airish, appearance, arrivage, arrival, assail, babery, blaze, burned, cadence, casually, celestial, clarion, congealed, conservative, corbet, cornemuse, covercle, crowding, dear-bought, desesperat, dissimulation, doucet, dowset, ducat, duration, encumbrous, existence, feminine, fouldre, fumigation, galaxy, gig, greenish, harmony, Hebraic, herald, herd-groom, herewithal, humble, inclined, inclining, intermeddle, lee, lilting, masty, Milky Way, minstrelly, misgovernment, ray, renovelance, rumble, scissors, signal, spring, stellify, sorceress, sweynt, syllable, tewel, tuel, tinned, unshut, upper 

Boece ?
Boece is Chaucer's work derived from The Consolation of Philosophy, a Latin work originally written by the Roman Christian philosopher Boethius around A.D. 524.?

 abashing, accordable, add, address, adjection, adjoust, adjudge, administer, admonishing, admonition, agreeability, agreeably, albeit, alien, all-utterly, amenuse, amenusing, amoved, annoying, annoyously, anointed, arbitry, Arcturus, ardent, armourer, asperness, assigned, astoning, attaste, attemper, attemperance, attention, auster, autumn, awaiter, beholder, bespot, betiding, biting, blandishing, blissfulness, border, byname, Caurus, cavern, celebrable, centre, center, coemption, coetern, commonality, commove, complish, compotent, compound, comprend, compress, conject, conjoin, conjunction, conjuration, consequent, conservation, consular, contagious, continuation, contrary, convenient, corollary, corrige, Corybant, credible, declaring, decreet, defeat, definish, delicate, delie, delye, deluge, demonstration, despoiling, destinable, destinal, differing, disarm, discording, discourse, disincrease, disordinance, dispensation, dispense, dissolve, distempre, distrait, divide, divination, division, dull, durability, during, eager, echinus, egality,



empoisoning, emprent, enbaissing, enchafe, enchantress, encharge, endamage, endark, enduring, enhance, enlace, ensampler, entach, entech, entalent, environing, eschaufe, establish, estimation, eternity, everyday, eve-star, evidently, exceed, exempt, exerce, exercitation, exiling, fellness, fellowship, felonous, festivally, fleeing, flitting, fluttering, foleye, forline, formly, fortuit, fortunel, fortunous, frounce, furthest, gaping, gastness, geometrian, ginner, gizzard, glaring, glow, governail, guerdon, guideress, habitacule, habitation, harmfully, henter, Hesperus, hider, honeyed, honied, hustlement, hydra, ignorant, imaginable, immovability, immovable, impair, imperial, impetre, imply, imposition, imprint, inconvenient, indifferently, indignation, inestimable, infect, infinity, infirm, inhabit, interchanging, intercommuning, interlace, interminable, jangling, jaw, jointure, knower, lash, leecher, lost, luxure, manifest, Marmaric, marvelling, marveling, meanly, misdrawing, misknowing, miswandering, movability, mowing, mutable, necess, nilling, orphelin, overlight, over-swift, overthrowing, overwhelve, perdurability, plungy, poetical, porism, portionable, presentary, previdence, pronouncer, proportionable, purveyable, reasoning, reddy, redoubt, reduce, remount, rending, replenished, replication, requirable, resist, resolve, resounding, resounding, rhetorian, roil, roundness, rower, rumour, sarplier, scaping, scorkle, semblable, senatory, sensibility, sensible, shadowy, showing, similitude, simplicity, singler, Sirius, skilling, slaked, slead, smoking, smoothness, stadie, starlight, starry, speculation, Stoician, suasion, submit, summit, superfice, supply, sway, sweller, tempest, theatre, theater, thenceforth, thunderer, thunderlight, tragedian, tragedy, tranquillity, transport, troublabla, tumbling, twitter, two-footed, unagreeable, unassayed, unbetide, unbowed, uncovenable, undepartable, undiscomfited, undoubtous, uneschewable, unexercised, ungentle, unhoped, universal, universality, universality, unleeful, unmovablety, unparegal, unperegal, unpiteous, unpiteous, unplight, unplite, unraced, unscience, unsolemn, unstanchable, unstanched, untreatable, unusage, unweened, unwit, unworshipful, unwrap, upheaping, used, variant, vengeress, voluntarily, weening, weeply, withinforth, witnessfully, wood 

Anelida and Arcite
Anelida and Arcite is a retelling of an old Roman story previously written by Boccaccio.?

 assure, awaiting, causeless, chair, chantepleure, crampish, crookedly, desolate, doubleness, ecliptic, excuse, lowly, sound, subtile, Theban, whaped, unfeigned, whaped, womanhead 

Troilus and Criseyde
Troilus and Criseyde is a story from Boccaccio's Il Filostrato.?

'' abbetting, abusion, accident, accord, accusement, adieu, adorn, adverse, advertence, advocary, a-game, agree, alembic, aloud, alter, ambassador, appoint, argument, alite, ambage, amphilbology, argument, Aries, a-root, asfast, askance, asper, aspre, astrologer, atrede, attendance, attrition, atwixt, audience, augury, avaunter, await, bawdry, bay, beblot, befalling, benignity, bestiality, betrend, beware, blossomy, bounteous, burn, bypath, calculing, captive, casual, childishly, chittering, circle, circumscrive, collateral, combust, comedy, complain, complete, conceit, concord, conserve, consolation, constraint, continuance, convers, counterpoise, cramp, crow's foot, cumber-world, curation, dart, defeit, defet, define, deliber, deliberation, derring do, desespeir, desesperance, desesperaunce, determine, digression, direct, disadvance, disadventure, disblame, disconsolate, discordable, discordant, disdainous, disjoint, dispone, disport, disposition, disseverance, dissimule, distil, distill, disturn, divineress, dulcarnon, embassador, enchant, enterpart, entune, erratic, estately, estrange, exchange, excusable, execute, executrice, expert, eyed, faithed, farewell, fatal, fate, faun, feasting, fervently, fetching, finally, firmly, fix, forbysen, forlose, forpass, fury, future, gaure, goodlihead, good night, goosish, governance, graceless, groof, grufe, guide, half-god, hardiment, hawking, heinous, hemisphere, herdess, heroner, hollowness, homecoming, horizon, howne, humbly, hust, immortal, impression, increase, in-eche, infernal, influence, infortune, inhelde, inhielde, injure, inknit, intendment, interchange, intercommune, janglery, jeopard, Jove, jumper, just, kankedort, knotless, let-game, lethargy, liberty, lign-aloes, loadstar, lodestar, martial, mask, melodious, misaccount, misconstrue, misforgive, mislived, mismeter, molest, muck, mucker, munch, mutability, natal, native, new, nouriture, occidental, oriental, ounded, outring, overcarve, over-haste, over-rede, palaceward, palaceward, palaestrial, parody, peoplish, philosophical, phrenetic, plumb rule, pole arctic, predestiny, pregnant, Progne, proverb, qualm, racket, rackle, railed, refigure, refrain, refreid, reheting, reprehension, repression, resistence, resort, resport, return, revoke, Robin, rootless, rosy, royal, ruin, safeguard, saluing, sand, satyr, scrivenliche, secondly, sentiment, shapely, signifer, sling-stone, slink, sliver, snowish, soar, sob, space, strangely, subtilty, sugared, sunnish, surplus, supprise, teary, tempestous, testy, thriftily, thrifty, trance, transitory, transmew, trapdoor, tremor, unapt, unbody, unbridled, unbroided, uncircumscript, undeserved, unespied, unfeelingly, unhappily, universe, unkissed, unlikeliness,?

unlove, unmanhood, unnest, unprayed, unsheathe,?

unsitting, unswell, unthrifty, untied, untormented, untroth, unwist, urn, vapour, verre, vetch, virtueless, voidee, voluptuous, vulgarly, vulture, wantrust, weak, well-shapen, well-willy, wester, wieldy, womanhood, womanish, wrongfully, yfled, yold, yolden ''



The Legend of Good Women
The Legend of Good Women is a dream vision love poem.

 accompass, adulation, agrote, angel-like, angrily, appete, appetite, arguing, bedote, bench, betraising, bleeding, box, bridled, browd, clift, complaining, countryward, crinkled, distain, during, emboss, ensure, eternally, everything, famous, father-in-law, felicity, figuring, fingering, fleuron, forgiving, foundation, fret, gledy, graciousness, imagining, infinite, joining, knightly, lure, Mantuan, paper-white, penful, presenting, radevore, reclaiming, renownee, ruled, seemliness, skirmishing, stately, storial, subtilly, subtilely, tidife, tidive, tuteler, toteler, virelay, well, wifehood 

Treatise on the Astrolabe
Treatise on the Astrolabe is Chaucer's scientific paper of clearer definitions on how to use the Astrolabe, an astronomical instrument.

 adding, aline, almanac, almucantar, almury, altitude, Arabic, Arctic, arm-hole, Arsechieles tables, azimuth, calculer, Capricorn, coldness, compilator, concentric, couching, crepuscule, cross-line, denticle, depression, descension, direct, distant, elevate, elevation, elongation, embelif, epicycle, equal, equator, equinox, fraction, Gemini, gerful, Greek, half-ebb, hence-forthward, indeterminate, intercept, introductory, latitude, line-right, longitude, lop-web, meridian, perpendicular, possibly, precedent, rete, retrograde, right angle, scale, Scorpio, second, septentrional, site, solid, solsticion, succedent, Taurus, tortuous, tropic, unstrange, usward, utility, vulgar 

Miscellaneous poems
Below are words first attested to in his miscellaneous poems.


 * An ABC




 * Balade to Rosemounde


 * Chaucers Wordes unto Adam, His Owne Scriveyn


 * Complaint to His Lady


 * Fortune


 * Gentilesse


 * Lak of Stedfastnesse


 * Lenvoy de Chaucer a Scogan


 * Lenvoy de Chaucer a Bukton


 * Proverbs


 * The Complaint unto Pity


 * The Complaint of Chaucer to his Purse


 * The Complaint of Mars


 * The Complaint of Venus


 * The Former Age


 * The Truth


 * Womanly Noblesse

 accumbrous, advocatrice, ancille, artillery, aspen, benevolence, besprent, blaspheme, blasphemer, cannel-bone, carrack, carack, cart-wheel, castigation, causer, collusion, comeliness, complaint, confeder, convict, coverter, craze, create, dapple-grey, delicacy, desespeire, desperation, distrouble, down, dullness, dulness, emboss, enfortune, enlumine, entune, envoy, envy, errant, eterne, fattish, fawn, feigned, fers, fickleness, fleshy, flute, forloin, fortune, fortuned, furious, gere, glazing, half-word, hearse, Hercules, humblesse, inconstance, interess, jane, knack, lake, lambish, lancegay, leer, likeliness, limer, litster, lustihead, meet, midpoint, overstrew, prose, rechase, resign, royalty, scant, seeming, solein, solitude, sore, sough, sturdily, suffisance, suing, surmount, sweaty, tall, Tantalus, tapet, Tartary, tickleness, tongued, traitress, traitoress, Turkey, tyranny, uncorven, uncoupling, unforged, ungrubbed, unsown, weld, well-faring, well-founded, whirling, wildly, wildness 

Usages
Below are some of the words first found in Chaucer's manuscripts that we use today and how they were used in his poems in the 14th century.

word

annoyance

approach

aspect

begger

cense

centaur

chose

cinnamon

citrine

consecrate

consideration

conspiracy

contract

create

depart

derive

desk

digestion

disfigure

dismembering

displeasant

double-tongue

durable

exaltation

execute

fart

feast

femininity

forge

funeral

 galaxy 

hexameter

homicide

howl

humiliation

huntress

kneading

laborious

laureate

laxative

lure

magician

menacing

mercenary

 Milky Way 

 muzzle 

 noble 

 nymph 

 observe 

 outrageous 

 Persian 

 philosophical 

 plumage 

 princess 

 resound 

 scissors 

 session 

 soar 

 superlative 

 superstitious 

 thick and thin 

 vacation 

 wallet 

Middle English usage ?

Suffrance suffreth swetely alle the anoyaunces ?

whan she approched to jhesu Crist?

Som wikke aspect or disposicioun 

And been a beggere; heere may I nat dwelle 

Gooth with a sencer on the haliday

He of Centaures layde the boast adoun

For if I wolde selle my bele chose

My faire bryd, my sweete cynamome??

His nose was heigh, his eyen bright citryn

And was to God Almighty consecrate

Heere bihoveth the consideracioun of the grace Of jhesu crist

Ful privily hath made conspiracie Against this Julius

whan the soule is put in oure body, Right anon is contract original synne

And Al be it so that God hath creat alle thynges In right ordre

Shal nat departe from his hous 

That every part dirryveth from his hool?

Hadde prively upon his desk ylaft

The norice of digestioun, the sleep

She sholde tellen of his 'disfigure. '

ne swereth nat so synfully in dismembrynge of crist by soule

''Moost displesant to crist, and moost adversarie. ''

Now comth the synne of double-tonge

Remoeven harmes and to han thynges espiritueel and durable

For he was neigh his  exaltacioun 

That executeth in the world over al 

Of fartyng, and of speche daungerous.

He leet the feeste of his nativitee 

How wonnen was the regne of femenye 

That in his forge smythed plough harneys 

Putte in the fyr of funeral servyse

'' See yonder, lo, the galaxyë

Of sixe feet, which men clepe examétron

''Of worldly shame? certes, an horrible ''' homicide. '

Shrighte emelye, and howleth palamon

Nat sory of his humiliacioun.

With bowe in honde, right as an hunteresse

He hadde yboght hym knedyng tubbes thre

And myn office is ful laborous

Fraunceys petrak, the lauriat poete

Vomyt upward, ne dounward 'laxatif. '

With empty hand men may none haukes ' lure. '

 In al the lond magicien was ther non 

''By manasynge of mars, right by figure. ''

 He was a shepherde and noght a 'mercenarie. '

 Which men clepeth the Milky Wey 

 And folwed hym with mosel faste ybounde 

'' And saluces this noble contree highte. ''

 The nymphs, the fauns, the hamadryades 

'' Jhesu Crist and his freendes observede to shewen in hir lyve. ''

 outrageous wratthe dooth al that evere the devel hym comaundeth 

 ? and it shal be To Meedes and to Perses geven ?

 To the and to the, philosophical Strode 

 As wel of plumage as of gentillesse 

 Though that she were a queene or a princesse 

'' That all the wode resouned of hire cry. ''

 ? Withoute rasour or sisoures 

 At sessiouns ther was he lord and sire 

 I woot wel, for to sore As doth an hauk ?

 Ther nys no thyng in gree superlatyf 

'' Of swich a supersticiuos cursednesse. ''

 thurgh thikke and thurgh 'thenne. '

 Whan he hadde leyser and  vacacioun 

 His walet lay biforn hym in his lappe 

Modern English usage

''Tolerance suffers sweetly all the annoyances ? ''

when she approached Jesus Christ

Some evil disposition or aspect 

And be a beggar; here I cannot dwell 

Went with a censer on the holy day

Of centaurs laid he all the boastings down

For if I would go peddle my belle chose

My cinnamon, my fair bird, my sweetie

His nose was high, his eyes a bright citrine

And was to God Almighty consecrated

here it behooves one to give consideration to the grace of Jesus Christ

Full secretly did lay conspiracy Against this Julius

when the soul is put into a body, immediately is contracted original sin

 And though it be that God has created all things in right order

Will not depart from his house 

That every part derives but from the whole?

Which book he'd privately on his desk left

The nurse of good  digestion,  natural sleep

''She'd tell of his disfigurement impure. ''

swear not so sinfully, thus dismembering Christ by soul

this sin is most displeasing to Christ, and most hateful.

Now comes the sin of the double-tongued

removal of evils and to obtain things spiritual and durable

For he was near his  exaltation 

That executes in this world, and for all

Of farting and of language haughtyish.

He let the feast of his nativity 

Was gained the realm of  Femininity 

Who in his smithy forged plow parts

Lighted the sacred funeral fire

 lo, see yonder the galaxy?

In six feet, which men call hexameter

Certainly, such a one is called a horrible homicide.

Shrieked Emily and howled now Palamon

not sorry for his humiliation.

With bow in hand, like any right huntress

Procured these kneading-tubs, or beer-vats, three

My job is most laborious

Francis Petrarch, the laureate poet

By vomiting or taking laxative 

 With empty hand men may no falcons  lure 

 In all that land magician was there none 

The menacing of Mars, in likeness sure

He was a shepherd and not mercenary.

 which men call the Milky Way ?

 And so they followed him, with muzzles bound 

'' Saluzzo is this noble region bright. ''

 The nymphs, the fauns, the hamadryades 

'' Jesus Christ and His friends observed in their lives. ''

 ? outrageous wrath does all that the Devil orders 

 and it shall be To Medes and Persians given now 

 and to you,  philosophical  Strode 

 As well of plumage as of nobleness 

 Although she be a queen or a princess 

'' rill all the wood resounded mournfully. ''

 not the kind with razor or scissors 

 At county sessions was he lord and sire 

 I have no cause to soar like a hawk 

 There is no pleasure so  superlative 

'' Of such a  superstitious  wickedness. ''

 through ' thick and thin. '

 When he had leisure and took some  vacation 

 His wallet lay before him in his lap 

Poem and estimated year it came out ?

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Knight's Tale, c. 1385

The Franklin's Tale, c. 1386

The Miller's Tale, c. 1386

The Monk's Tale, c. 1375

Wife of Bath's Tale, c. 1386

The Miller's Tale, c. 1386

The Knight's Tale, c. 1386

The Monk's Tale, c. 1375

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Monk's Tale, c. 1386

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Knight's Tale, c. 1385

The Franklin's Tale, c. 1386

The Squire's Tale, c. 1395

Wife of Bath's Tale, c. 1386

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Squire's Tale, c. 1386

The Knight's Tale, c. 1385

The Miller's Tale, c. 1386

The Squire's Tale, c. 1386

The Knight's Tale, c. 1385

The Miller's Tale, c. 1386

The Knight's Tale, c. 1385

The House of Fame, c. 1380

The Monk's Tale, c. 1375

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Knight's Tale, c. 1386

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Knight's Tale, c. 1385

The Miller's Tale, c. 1386

The Friar's Tale, c. 1386

The Clerk's Tale, c. 1386

The Knight's Tale, c. 1385

Wife of Bath's Tale, c. 1386

The Monk's Tale, c. 1375

The Knight's Tale, c. 1385

Canterbury Prologue, c. 1387 ?

The House of Fame, c. 1384

The Knight's Tale, c. 1385

The Clerk's Tale, c. 1395

The Knight's Tale, c. 1385

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Parson's Tale, c. 1386

The Monk's Tale, c. 1375

Troilus and Criseyde, c. 1374

The Squire's Tale, c. 1395

The Knight's Tale, c. 1385

The Squire's Tale, c. 1395

The House of Fame, c. 1384

Canterbury Prologue, c. 1386

Troilus and Criseyde, c. 1374

The Merchant's Tale, c. 1386

The Franklin's Tale, c. 1386

The Reeve's Tale, c. 1386

Wife of Bath's Tale, c. 1386

Canterbury Prologue, c. 1387