Richard Aldington

Richard Aldington (8 July 1892 - 27 July 1962), born Edward Godfree Aldington, was an English writer and poet.

Aldington was best known for his World War I poetry, the 1929 novel Death of a Hero, and the controversy arising from his 1955 Lawrence of Arabia: A biographical inquiry.

Youth
Aldington was born in Portsmouth, England, the son of a solicitor, and educated at Dover College, and for a year at the University of London. He was unable to complete his degree because of the financial circumstances of his family. He met the poet H.D. in 1911 and they married two years later.

Man of letters
His poetry was associated with the Imagist group, and his work forms almost one third of the Imagists' inaugural anthology Des Imagistes (1914). Ezra Pound had in fact coined the term imagistes for H.D. and Aldington, in 1912.

At this time, he was one of the poets around the proto-Imagist T.E. Hulme; Robert Ferguson in his life of Hulme portrays Aldington as too squeamish to approve of Hulme's robust approach, particularly to women. However, Aldington shared Hulme's conviction that experimentation with traditional Japanese verse forms could provide a way forward for avant-garde literature in English, and went often to the British Museum to examine Nishiki-e prints illustrating such poetry.

He knew Wyndham Lewis well, also, reviewing his work in The Egoist at this time, hanging a Lewis portfolio around the room and on a similar note of tension between the domestic and the small circle of London modernists regretting having lent Lewis his razor when the latter announced with hindsight a venereal infection. Going out without a hat, and an interest in Fabian socialism, were perhaps unconventional enough for him.

At this time he was also an associate of Ford Madox Ford, helping him with a hack propaganda volume for a government commission in 1914 and taking dictation for The Good Soldier when H.D. found it too harrowing.

In 1915, Aldington and H.D. moved within London, away from Holland Park very near Ezra Pound and Dorothy, to Hampstead, close to D.H. Lawrence and Frieda. Their relationship became strained by external romantic interests and the stillborn birth of their child.

Between 1914 and 1916 he was literary editor of The Egoist, and columnist there. He was assistant editor with Leonard Compton-Rickett under Dora Marsden. The gap between the Imagist and Futurist groups was defined partly by Aldington's critical disapproval of the poetry of Filippo Marinetti.

World War I and aftermath
He joined the army in 1916, was commissioned in the Royal Sussexs in 1917 and was wounded on the Western Front. Aldington never completely recovered from his war experiences, and may have continued to suffer from the then-unrecognised phenomenon of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Aldington and H.D. attempted to mend their marriage in 1919, after the birth of her daughter by a friend of writer D.H. Lawrence, named Cecil Gray, with whom she had become involved and lived with while Aldington was at war. However, she was by this time deeply involved in a lesbian relationship with the wealthy writer Bryher, and she and Aldington formally separated, both becoming romantically involved with other people (though they did not divorce until 1938). They remained friends, however, for the rest of their lives.

Relationship with T.S. Eliot
Aldington helped T.S. Eliot in a practical way, by persuading Harriet Shaw Weaver to appoint Eliot as his successor at The Egoist (helped by Pound), and later in 1919 with an introduction to the editor Bruce Richmond of the Times Literary Supplement, for which he reviewed French literature. He was on the editorial board, with Conrad Aiken, Eliot, Lewis and Aldous Huxley, of Chaman Lall's London literary quarterly Coterie published 1919-1921. With Lady Ottoline Morrell, Leonard Woolf and Harry Norton he took part in Ezra Pound's scheme to 'get Eliot out of the bank' (Eliot had a job in the international department of Lloyd's, a London bank, and well-meaning friends wanted him full-time writing poetry). This manoeuvre towards Bloomsbury came to little, with Eliot getting £50 and unwelcome publicity in the Liverpool Post, but gave Lytton Strachey an opening for mockery.

Aldington made an effort with A Fool I' the Forest (1924) to reply to the new style of poetry launched by The Waste Land. He was being published at the time, for example in The Chap-Book, but clearly took on too much hack work just to live. He suffered some sort of breakdown in 1925. His interest in poetry waned, and he was straighforwardly jealous of Eliot's celebrity.

His attitude towards Eliot shifted, from someone who would mind the Eliots' cat in his cottage (near Reading, Berkshire, in 1921), and to whom Eliot could confide his self-diagnosis of abulia. Aldington became a supporter of Vivienne Eliot in the troubled marriage, and savagely satirized her husband as "Jeremy Cibber" in Stepping Heavenward (Florence 1931). He was at this time living with Arabella Yorke (real given name Dorothy), a lover since Mecklenburgh Square days. It was a lengthy and passionate relationship, coming to an end when he went abroad.

Later life
He went into self-imposed 'exile' from England in 1928. He lived in Paris for years, living with Brigit Patmore, and being fascinated by Nancy Cunard whom he met in 1928. After his divorce in 1938 he married Netta, nÃ©e McCullough, previously Brigit's daughter-in-law as Mrs. Michael Patmore.

Death of a Hero, published in 1929, was his literary response to the war, commended by Lawrence Durrell as 'the best war novel of the epoch'. It was written while he was living on the island of Port-Cros in Provence as a development of a manuscript from a decade before. Opening with a letter to the playwright Halcott Glover, the book takes a variable but generally satirical, cynical and critical posture, and belabours Victorian and Edwardian cant. He went on to publish several works of fiction.

In 1930, he published a bawdy translation of The Decameron. In 1933, his novel titled All Men are Enemies appeared; it was a romance, as the author chose to call it, and a brighter book than Death of a Hero, even though Aldington took an anti-war stance again. In 1942, having moved to the United States with his new wife Netta Patmore, he began to write biographies. The first was one of Wellington (The Duke: Being an Account of the Life & Achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, 1943). It was followed by works on D. H. Lawrence (Portrait of a Genius, But..., 1950), Robert Louis Stevenson (Portrait of a Rebel, 1957), and T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry, 1955).

Aldington's biography of T. E. Lawrence caused a scandal on its publication, and an immediate backlash. It made many controversial assertions. He was the first to bring to public notice the fact of Lawrence's illegitimacy. He also asserted that Lawrence was homosexual. Lawrence lived a celibate life, and none of his close friends (of whom several were homosexual) had believed him to be gay. He attacked Lawrence as a liar and a charlatan, claims which have colored Lawrence's reputation ever since. Only later were confidential government files concerning Lawrence's career released, allowing the accuracy of Lawrence's own account to be gauged. Aldington's own reputation has never fully recovered from what came to be seen as a venomous attack upon Lawrence's reputation. Many believed that Aldington's suffering in the bloodbath of Europe during World War I caused him to resent Lawrence's reputation, gained in the Middle Eastern arena.

Aldington died in France on 27 July 1962, shortly after being honoured and feted in Moscow on the occasion of his seventieth birthday and the publication of some of his novels in Russian translation. He didn't approve of the Communist "party line", though, and the Russians didn't succeed in making him endorse it. His politics had in fact moved far towards the right - opinions he shared with Lawrence Durrell, a close friend since the 1950s - but he had felt shut out by the British establishment after his T.E. Lawrence book. He lived in Provence, at Montpellier and Aix-en-Provence.

Writing
Aldington could write with an acid pen. The Georgian poets, who (Pound had decided) were the Imagists' sworn enemies, he devastated with the accusation of "a little trip for a little weekend to a little cottage where they wrote a little poem on a little theme". He took swipes at Harold Monro, whose Poetry Review had published him and given him reviewing work. On the other side of the balance sheet, he spent time supporting literary folk: the alcoholic Monro, and others such as F.S. Flint and Frederic Manning who needed friendship.

Alec Waugh, who met Aldington through Harold Monro, described him as embittered by the war, and offered Douglas Goldring as comparison; but took it that he worked off his spleen in novels like The Colonel's Daughter (1931), rather than letting it poison his life. His novels in fact contained thinly-veiled, disconcerting (at least to the subjects) portraits of some of his friends (Eliot, D. H. Lawrence, Pound in particular), the friendship not always surviving. Lyndall Gordon characterises the sketch of Eliot in the memoirs Life for Life's Sake (1941) as 'snide'. As a young man he enjoyed being cutting about William Butler Yeats, but remained on good enough terms to visit him in later years at Rapallo.

An obituary described him as an "angry young man", and an '"angry old man to the end".

Recognition
His 1946 biography, Wellington, was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.

On 11 November 1985, Aldington was among 16 Great War poets commemorated on a slate stone unveiled in Westminster Abbey's Poet's Corner. The inscription on the stone is a quotation from the work of a fellow Great War poet, Wilfred Owen. It reads: "My subject is War, and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the pity."

Poetry

 * Images, 1910-1915. London: Poetry Bookshop, 1915
 * revised edition published as Images: Old and new. Four Seas, 1916.
 * Images Egoist Ltd., 1919.
 * Images of War. Allen & Unwin, 1919.
 * Images of Desire. London: Elkin Mathews, 1919.
 * War and Love. Four Seas, 1919.
 * Exile, and other poems. Allen & Unwin, 1923.
 * A Fool i' the Forest: A phantasmagoria. Allen & Unwin, 1925.
 * The Love of Myrrhine and Konallis, and other prose poems. P. Covinci, 1926.
 * Hark the Herald. Hours Press, 1928.
 * Collected Poems. Friede, 1928; AMS Press, 1981.
 * The Eaten Heart. Hours Press, 1929.
 * A Dream in the Luxembourg. London: Chatto & Windus, 1930.
 * Love and the Luxembourg. Friede, 1930.
 * Collected Poems, 1915-1923. Allen & Unwin, 1933.
 * The Poems of Richard Aldington. New York: Doubleday, 1934.
 * Life Quest. Doubleday, 1935.
 * The Crystal World. London: Heinemann, 1937; New York: Doubleday, 1938.
 * The Complete Poems of Richard Aldington. Wingate, 1948.
 * The Poetry of Richard Aldington: A critical evaluation and an anthology of uncollected poems (edited by Norman Timmins Gates). Pennsylvania State University Press, 1975.
 * An Imagist at War: The complete war poems of Richard Aldington (selected with an introduction and notes by Michael Copp). London: Associated University Presses, 2002.

Plays

 * Life of a Lady: A play in three acts (with Derek Patmore). Doubleday, 1936.

Novels

 * Death of a Hero. Friede, 1929; Telegraph Books, 1986.
 * Heldentod. Leipzig, Germany: P. List, 1930.
 * The Colonel's Daughter. Doubleday, 1931.
 * Stepping Heavenward: A record. Chatto & Windus, 1931, Doubleday, 1932.
 * All Men Are Enemies: A romance. Doubleday, 1933.
 * Women Must Work. Doubleday, 1934.
 * Seven against Reeves: A comedy-farce. Doubleday, 1938.
 * Reflected Guests. London: Heinemann, 1939.
 * Romance of Casanova. Duell, Sloan, & Pearce, 1946.

Short fiction

 * At All Costs (short stories). London: Heinemann, 1930.
 * Roads to Glory (short stories), London: Chatto & Windus, 1930; New York: Doubleday, 1931.
 * Two Stories. London: Elkin Mathews, 1930.
 * Last Straws (short story). Hours Press, 1930; Folcroft, 1977.
 * Soft Answers (short stories). Doubleday, 1932.

Non-fiction

 * Literary Studies and Review. New York: Dial Press 1924.
 * Voltaire. New York: Dutton, 1925.
 * French Studies and Review. Allen & Unwin, 1926.
 * D.H. Lawrence: An Indiscretion. University of Washington, 1927.
 * Artifex: Sketches and ideas. Chatto & Windus, 1935, Doubleday, 1936.
 * W. Somerset Maugham: An appreciation. Doubleday, 1939.
 * Life for Life's Sake: A book of reminiscences (autobiography).London: Viking, 1941.
 * The Duke: Being an Account of the life and achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Viking, 1943
 * also published as Wellington: Being an Account of the life and achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. London: Heinemann, 1946.
 * Four English Portraits, 1801-1851. Evans Brothers, 1948.
 * Jane Austen. Pasadena, CA: Ampersand Press, 1948.
 * The Strange Life of Charles Waterton. Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1950
 * also published as Portrait of a Genius But...: The Life of D. H. Lawrence, 1885-1930. London: Heinemann, 1950.


 * Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot: A Lecture, Peacocks Press (Hurst, England), 1954.
 * A.E. Housman and W.B. Yeats, Folcroft, 1955.
 * Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry, Regnery, 1955, Greenwood Press (Westport, CT), 1976.
 * Introduction to Mistral, Heinemann, 1956.
 * Frauds, Heinemann, 1957.
 * Portrait of a Rebel: The Life and Work of Robert Louis Stevenson, Evans Brothers, 1957.
 * A Tourist's Rome, Melissa Press, 1960.

Other
Also author of Reverie: A Little Book of Poems for H. D., 1917; The Poet and His Age, 1922; D. H. Lawrence: An Appreciation, 1930; and D. H. Lawrence: A Complete List of His Works Together with a Critical Appreciation, 1973. Editor of "The Poet's Translation" series, AMS Press, 1920; literary editor of Egoist. Critic of French literature for Times Literary Supplement.
 * Medallions in Clay, Knopf (New York, NY), 1921.
 * Lads of the Village, [England], 1930.
 * Balls and Another Book for Suppression, privately printed, 1932, Folcroft, 1977.
 * Very Heaven, Heinemann, 1937.
 * Rejected Guest, Viking, 1939.
 * Pinorman: Personal Recollections of Norman Douglas, Heinemann, 1954.
 * (Translator and author of notes and introduction) Cyrano de Bergerac, Voyages to the Moon and the Sun, Orion Press (New York, NY), 1962.
 * (Translator) Julien Benda, Treason of the Intellectuals, Norton, 1969.
 * Richard Aldington: Selected Critical Writings, 1928-1960, edited by Alister Kershaw, Southern Illinois University Press, 1970.
 * A Passionate Prodigality: Letters to Alan Bird from Richard Aldington, 1949-1962, edited by Miriam Benkovitz, New York Publishing Library, 1976.
 * The Dearest Friend: A Selection from the Letters of Richard Aldington to John Cournos, Typographeum, 1978.
 * A Wreath for San Gemignano, Snake River Press, 1980.
 * Literary Lifelines: The Richard Aldington--Lawrence Durrell Correspondence, edited by Ian S. MacNiven and Harry T. Moore, Viking, 1981.
 * Richard Aldington: An Autobiography in Letters, edited by Norman T. Gates, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992.
 * Richard Aldington and H. D.: The Early Years in Letters, edited by Caroline Zilboorg, Indiana University Press, 1992
 * (Selections from Aldington) Lawrence, D. H., Selected Letters, Penguin (New York, NY), 1996.
 * Richard Aldington and H. D.: Their Lives in Letters, 1918-1961, edited with an introduction and commentary by Caroline Zilboorg, Manchester University Press (New York, NY), 2003.

Translated

 * Feodor Sologub, The Little Demon (translated with John Cournos). New York: Knopf, 1916.
 * Latin Poems of the Renaissance. London: Egoist, 1919.
 * The Poems of Meleager of Gadara. London: Egoist, 1920.
 * Carlo Goldoni, The Good-Humoured Ladies: A comedy. London: C.W. Beaumont, 1922.
 * French Comedies of the Eighteenth Century (translator and author of introduction and biographical prefaces). London: Routledge, 1923.
 * Fifty Romance Lyric Poems (edited & translated). C. Gaige, 1928; Folcroft, 1973.
 * A Book of `Characters' from Theophrastus: Joseph Hall, Sir Thomas Overbury, Nicolas Breton, John Earle, Thomas Fuller, and Other English Authors; Jean de La Bruyere, Vauvenarques, and Other French Authors (edited and translated). New York: Dutton, 1924.
 * Pierre Custot, Sturly. London: Cape, 1924.
 * Voltaire, Letters of Voltaire and Frederick the Great (edited & translated). England, 1927.
 * Remy De Gourmont: A Modern Man of Letters (edited & translated). University of Washington, 1928.
 * Julien Benda, The Great Betrayal. London: Routledge, 1928.
 * Remy de Gourmont, Letters to the Amazon (translator and author of introduction). London: Chatto & Windus, 1931.
 * Gerard Nerval, Aurelia. AMS Press, 1932.
 * Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron of Giovanni Boccaccio (illustrated by Jean de Bosschere). Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing, 1938.
 * Choderlos de Laclos, Dangerous Acquaintances. AMS Press, 1952.

Edited

 * (And author of introduction) Marie de Rabutin Chantal Sevigne, Letters of Madame de Sevigne to Her Daughter and Her Friends, Dutton, 1927.
 * D.H. Lawrence, Last Poems (edited with G. Orioli & others). [England], 1932; new edition edited by Aldington with introduction, [England], 1933.
 * Lawrence, Selected Poems, Secker & Warurg (London), 1934.
 * (And author of introduction) Lawrence, The Spirit of Place: An Anthology, [England], 1935.
 * The Viking Book of Poetry of the English-speaking World, Viking (New York City), 1941, revised edition, 1958.
 * (And author of introduction) Oscar Wilde: Selected Works, [England], 1946, Arden Library, 1983.
 * (And author of introduction) Great French Romances, Pilot Press, 1946.
 * Walter Horatio Pater, Selected Works, Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1948.
 * (With Stanley Weintraub) Oscar Wilde, The Portable Oscar Wilde, Viking, 1963, revised edition Penguin (London), 1981.
 * (And author of introduction) Kangaroo, Viking, 1974.
 * Lawrence, Apocalyse, Penguin, 1974.
 * (Translator) Les Liaisons Dangereuses, Random House (New York, NY), 1992.
 * (Translator, with Ernest Dilworth) Candide, Modern Library (New York City), 1992.

'' Except where noted, bibliographic information courtesy The Poetry Foundation. ''