Christian poetry

Christian poetry is any poetry that contains Christian teachings, themes, or references. The influence of Christianity on poetry has been great in any area that Christianity has taken hold. Christian poems often directly reference the Bible, while others provide allegory.

Overview of Christian poetry
Poetic forms have been used by Christians since the recorded history of the faith begins. The earliest Christian poetry, in fact, appears in the New Testament. Canticles such as the Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis, which appear in the Gospel of Luke, take the Biblical poetry of the psalms of the Hebrew Bible as their models. Many Biblical scholars also believe that St Paul of Tarsus quotes bits of early Christian hymns in his epistles. Passages such as Philippians 2:5-11 (following) are thought by many Biblical scholars to represent early Christian hymns that were being quoted by the Apostle:


 * Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus: Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God: But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men: And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross. Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name: That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. (KJV)

Within the world of classical antiquity, Christian poets often struggled with their relationship to the existing traditions of Greek and Latin poetry, which were of course heavily influenced by paganism. Paul quotes the pagan poets Aratus and Epimenides in Acts 17:28: "For in him we live, and move, and have our being: as certain also of your own poets have said, 'For we are also his offspring.'" Some early Christian poets such as Ausonius continued to include allusions to pagan deities and standard classical figures and allusions continued to appear in his verse. Other Christian poems of the late Roman Empire, such as the Psychomachia of Prudentius, cut back on allusions to Greek mythology, but continue the use of inherited classical forms.

Other early Christian poets were more innovative. The hymnodist Venantius Fortunatus wrote a number of important poems that are still used in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church, such as the Vexilla Regis ("The Royal Standard") and Pange, lingua, gloriosi proelium certaminis ("Sing, O my tongue, of the glorious struggle"). From a literary and linguistic viewpoint, these hymns represent important innovations; they turn away from Greek prosody and instead seem to have been based on the rhythmic marching songs of Roman armies.

A related issue concerned the literary quality of Christian scripture. Most of the New Testament was written (or translated from a semitic language) in a sub-literary variety of koinê Greek, as was the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament. The Old Latin Bible added further solecisms to those found in its source texts. None of the Christian scriptures were written to suit the tastes of those who were educated in classical Greek or Latin rhetoric. Educated pagans, seeing the sub-literary quality of the Christian scriptures, posed a problem for Christian apologists: why did the Holy Ghost write so badly? Some Christian writers such as Tertullian flatly rejected classical standards of rhetoric; "what has Athens to do with Jerusalem?" he asked.

The cultural prestige of classical literary standards was not so easy for other Christians to overcome. St Jerome, trained in the classical Latin rhetoric of Cicero, observed that dismay over the quality of existing Latin Bible translations was a major motivating factor that induced him to produce the Vulgate, which went on to become the standard Latin Bible, and remains the official Bible translation of the Roman Catholic Church. A fuller appreciation of the formal literary virtues of Biblical poetry remained unavailable for European Christians until 1754, when Robert Lowth (later made a bishop in the Church of England), kinder to the Hebrew language than his own, published Praelectiones Academicae de Sacra Poesi Hebraeorum, which identified parallelism as the chief rhetorical device within Hebrew poetry.

In many European vernacular literatures, Christian poetry appears among the earliest monuments of those literatures, and Biblical paraphrases in verse often precede Bible translations. In Old English poetry, the Dream of the Rood, a meditation on Christ's crucifixion which adapts Germanic heroic imagery and applies it to Jesus, is one of the earliest extant monuments of Old English literature. Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy represents one of the earliest monuments of Italian vernacular literature. Much Old Irish poetry was the work of Irish monks and is on religious themes. This story is repeated in most European languages.

Modern Christian poetry especially suffers from a difficulty of definition. The writings of a Christian poet are not necessarily classified as Christian poetry. The themes of poetry are necessarily hard to pin down, and what some see as a Christian theme or viewpoint may not be seen by others. A number of modern writers are widely considered to have Christian themes in much of their poetry, including William Blake, G. K. Chesterton and T. S. Eliot.

Examples of Christian poets
The following list is chronological by birth year.
 * Ephrem the Syrian (ca. 306 — 373)
 * Gregory of Nazianzus (329 — 389)
 * Romanos the Melodist(ca. 490 — 556)
 * George Pisida (fl. 7th century)
 * Cosmas of Maiuma (ca. 675 — 752)
 * John of Damascus (ca. 676— 749)
 * Theodulf of Orléans (ca. 750— 821)
 * Theophanes the Confessor (d. ca. 850)
 * John Mauropous (ca. 1000 — 1070s?)
 * Symeon the New Theologian (949 — 1022)
 * Hildegard of Bingen (1098 — 1179)
 * Francis of Assisi (1181 — 1226)
 * Clare of Assisi (1193 — 1253)
 * Jacopone da Todi (ca. 1230 – 1306)
 * Dante Alighieri (ca. 1265 – 1321)
 * Catherine of Siena (1347 — 1380)
 * Teresa of Avila (1515 — 1582)
 * John of the Cross (1542 — 1591)
 * John Donne (1572 – 1631)
 * George Herbert (1593 — 1633)
 * John Milton (1608 — 1674)
 * Anne Bradstreet (1612 — 1672)
 * Martha Wadsworth Brewster (1710 — c. 1757)
 * Henry Vaughan (1621 — 1695)
 * Angelus Silesius (1624 — 1677)
 * Thomas Traherne (1636? — 1674)
 * Ann Griffiths (1776 — 1805)
 * John Greenleaf Whittier (1807 – 1892)
 * Emily Brontë (1818 — 1848)
 * Christina Rossetti (1830 — 1894)
 * Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844 — 1889)
 * Kahlil Gibran (1883 — 1931)
 * Gabriela Mistral (1889 — 1957)
 * Ella H Scharring—Hausen (1894 — 1985)
 * Czesław Miłosz (1911 — 2004)
 * R.S. Thomas (1913—2000)
 * Thomas Merton (1915 — 1968)
 * Geoffrey Hill (b. 1932)

Examples of Christian poems and notable works

 * Book of Job - Bible
 * Psalms in the Bible ( a collection of prayers, c. 1000 B.C.) - King David
 * St. Patrick's Breastplate - Old Irish. 8th century prayer for protection
 * Piers Plowman (1360 - 1399) - Middle English, an allegory of correct Christian life, written in unrhymed alliterative verse
 * The Divine Comedy (1265 - 1321) - Italian. The author, Dante, is guided through Hell and Purgatory by Virgil and through Heaven by Beatrice. Uses complex rhyming (Terza rima). (translation)
 * Dies Iræ (13th century) - Thomas of Celano's celebrated sequence on the Last Judgment (Latin text).
 * Paradise Lost (1667) and Paradise Regained (1671) - John Milton's English epics on the fall and salvation of the human race. (texts: Paradise Regained and Paradise Lost) See also: http://www.richard-2782/poindex.htm and http://www.richard-2782.net/poetry.pdf