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19th century in literature

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List of years in literature (Table)
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See also: 19th century in poetry, 18th century in literature, 20th century in literature.

Literature of the 19th century refers to world literature produced during the 19th century. The range of years is, for the purpose of this article, literature written from (roughly) 1799 to 1900. Many of the developments in literature in this period parallel changes in the visual arts and other aspects of 19th century culture.

Overview[]

Main article: Romantic poetry
Charles Dickens 3

Charles Dickens

File:Alfred Lord Tennyson 1869.jpg

Alfred, Lord Tennyson

File:Twain in Tesla's Lab.jpg

Mark Twain, 1894

File:Jane Austen (chopped) 2.jpg

Jane Austen

File:Edgar Allan Poe 2.jpg

Daguerreotype of Edgar Allan Poe

File:Carjat Arthur Rimbaud 1872 n2.jpg

Arthur Rimbaud c.1872

File:RWEmerson.jpg

Ralph Waldo Emerson

File:Henry David Thoreau 1861.jpg

Henry David Thoreau, August 1861.

File:Emile Zola 2.jpg

Emile Zola, c.1900

On the literary front the new century opens with romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German Sturm und Drang spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain.

French arts had been hampered by the Napoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly. Modernism began.

The Goncourts and Emile Zola in France and Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21, 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto.

Notable authors[]

There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Dostoevsky; the English Charles Dickens, John Keats, Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Jane Austen; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott; the Irish Oscar Wilde; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Mark Twain; and the French Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Jules Verne and Charles Baudelaire. Some other writers of note included:

By language[]

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