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Hugh Henry Brackenridge

Hugh Henry Breckenridge (1748-1816). Portrait by Clayton Braun, after Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828). Courtesy Wikimedia Commons.

Hugh Henry Brackenridge (1748 - June 25, 1816) was an American poet, novelist, lawyer, judge, and justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

Life[]

Overview[]

A frontier citizen in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Brackenridge founded both the Pittsburgh Academy, now the University of Pittsburgh, and the Pittsburgh Gazette, still operating today as the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.

Youth and education[]

Brackenridge was born in Kintyre, Scotland, a village near Campbeltown. In 1753, when he was 5, his family emigrated to York County, Pennsylvania, near the Maryland border, then a frontier.[1][2] At age 15 he was head of a free school in Maryland.

At 19 he entered the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University, where he joined Philip Freneau, James Madison, and others in forming the American Whig Society to counter the conservative Cliosophic, or Tory, Society. (Today these are conjoined as the American Whig–Cliosophic Society.) Freneau and Brackenridge collaborated on a satire on American manners that may be the earliest work of prose fiction written in America, Father Bombo's Pilgrimage to Mecca .[3] They also wrote The Rising Glory of America, a prophetic poem of a united nation that would rule the North American continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Brackenridge recited it at the commencement exercises of 1771.

After his graduation, Brackenridge remained another year to study divinity.

Career[]

In 1772 Brackenridge became headmaster of an academy in Somerset County, Maryland, with Freneau as his assistant. He went back to Princeton for a Master's degree, and then served in George Washington's army as a chaplain, preaching fiery patriotic sermons to the soldiers of the American Revolutionary War. He started the United States Magazine in Philadelphia in 1778, where he published poems by his friend Freneau, but its lagging subscriptions convinced him to change his profession. He took a law degree, studying under Samuel Chase in Annapolis, Maryland, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1780 at age 32. Of Philadelphia he wrote, "I saw no chance for being anything in that city, there were such great men before me." 4 months later he struck out for the frontier, 300 miles to the west, over the Appalachian Mountains.

In 1781 Pittsburgh was a village of 400 inhabitants, most Scots, like himself, Scots-Irish, and Germans. His aim, he wrote, in "offering myself to the place" was "to advance the country and thereby myself."

In Pittsburgh he helped establish the earliest western newspaper, the Pittsburgh Gazette, in 1786. He was elected in 1786 to the Pennsylvania state assembly, where he fought for the adoption of the federal Constitution, and obtained state endowments in 1787 for the establishment of the Pittsburgh Academy (University of Pittsburgh), modeled on Benjamin Franklin's Academy of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania). He also played a role in the little-known Westsylvania dispute, siding with Pennsylvania that the western lands should not become a 14th state.

He lost a bid for re-election because he opposed popular sentiment in supporting federal controls. At a dinner hosted by Chief Justice Thomas McKean, Brackenridge stated that "the people are fools; if they would let Mr. Morris alone, he would make Pennsylvania a great people, but they will not suffer him to do it." Another legislator at the party, William Findley, published an account of the remarks, and the subsequent controversy led to Brackenridge's electoral defeat.[4] Brackenridge also nearly lost his life when he attempted to mediate the Whiskey Rebellion.

He ran for the United States Congress, but was soundly defeated by Albert Gallatin. The formation of Allegheny County is largely due to Brackenridge's efforts. In December 1799 Governor Thomas McKean appointed him a justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.

In 1815 he completed Modern Chivalry, his rambling satirical novel, widely considered the earliest important fictional work about the American frontier and called "to the West what Don Quixote was to Europe." The 3rd and 4th sections of the book appeared in 1793 and 1797, and a revision in 1805, with a final addition in 1815. Henry Adams called it "a more thoroughly American book than any written before 1833."

Brackenridge died June 25, 1816 in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

The Allegheny County borough of Brackenridge, Pennsylvania, is named for his son, the lawyer, judge, and writer Henry Marie Brackenridge (1786–1871).

Publications[]

Poetry[]

  • A Poem: On the rising glory of America (with Philip Freneau). Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, for R. Aitken, 1772.
  • A Poem on Divine Revelation. Philadelphia: R. Aitken, 1774.
  • An Epistle to Walter Scott. Pittsburgh, PA: Franklin Head, 1811.

Plays[]

Novel[]

  • Modern Chivalry. Philadelphia: John M'Culloch, 1792; 1793; Philadelphia: J. Conrad et al, 1804; (4 volumes), Philadelphia: Johnson & Warner, 1815; (1 volume), Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson, 1835.

Volume I,Volume II, Part II, Volume II

Short fiction[]

  • Father Bombo's Pilgrimage to Mecca (with Philip Freneau). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Library, 1975.

Non-fiction[]

Collected editions[]

Edited[]


Except where noted, bibliographical information courtesy WorldCat.[5]

See also[]

References[]

  • Alberts, Robert C. (1987). Pitt: The Story of the University of Pittsburgh 1787–1987. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-1150-7. 
  • Marder, Daniel (1967). Hugh Henry Brackenridge. New York: Twayne Publishers. 
  • Newlin, Claude M. (1932). The Life and Writings of Hugh Henry Brackenridge. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 
  • O'Toole, James (2000). Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Profile of Its Founder Hugh Henry Brackenridge. Retrieved November 27, 2005.
  • Wood, Gordon S. (2009). Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. Oxford University Press.

Notes[]

  1. O'Toole, James (January 2, 2000). "Hugh Henry Brackenridge – Our local Founding Father". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. PG Publishing. http://www.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20000102brackenridge1.asp. Retrieved May 24, 2010. 
  2. "Hugh Henry Brackenridge (1748–1816)". Spenser and the Tradition: English Poetry 1579–1830. Center for Applied Technologies in the Humanities at Virginia Tech. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418022136/http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/AuthorRecord.php?&method=GET&recordid=33770. Retrieved May 24, 2010. 
  3. Brackenridge, Hugh Henry; Freneau, Philip Morin (1770), "Introduction", in Bell, Michael, Father Bombo's pilgrimage to Mecca, Princeton University Library, June 1975, p. ix, ISBN 0-87811-020-8, http://books.google.com/books?id=pTgOAAAAMAAJ, retrieved 2012-01-21 
  4. Wood, p. 219–220
  5. Search results = au:Hugh Henry Brackenridge, WorldCat, OCLC Online Computer Library Center Inc. Web, May 2, 2016.

External links[]

Poems
Books
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