McCrae's poem on the wall of Hasfield Church, Gloucestershire, UK. Courtesy Geograph.org.
"In Flanders Fields" is a notable poem written during World War I by Canadian poet and physician John McCrae. It has been called "the most popular poem" produced during that period.[1]
In Flanders Fields[]
A handwritten, autographed copy of the poem from McCrae's book. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons.
The beginning chapter of In Flanders Fields, and other poems (a posthumous 1919 collection of McCrae's poems) gives the text of the poem as follows:
- In Flanders Fields
In Flanders fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie,
In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe:
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders fields.
An autographed copy of the poem (reproduced at the start of this same book) uses 'grow' (instead of 'blow') in the opening line. The book includes a note seeking to explain the discrepancy by saying: "This was probably written from memory".
History[]
The Story Behind John McCrae’s “In Flanders Fields” poem
McCrae]] is popularly believed to have written the poem on May 3, 1915), after witnessing the death of his friend, Lieutenant Alexis Helmer, 22 years old, the day before. The poem was originally published on 8 December 1915 in the London-based magazine Punch.
Though various legends have developed as to the inspiration for the poem, the most commonly held belief is that McCrae wrote "In Flanders Fields" on 3 May 1915, the day after presiding over the funeral and burial of Helmer, who had been killed during the 2nd Battle of Ypres. The poem was written as McCrae sat upon the back of a medical field ambulance near an advance dressing post at Essex Farm, just north of Ypres. The poppy, which was a central feature of the poem, grew in great numbers in the spoiled earth of the battlefields and cemeteries of Flanders.
The poppies referred to in the poem grew in profusion in Flanders in the disturbed earth of the battlefields and cemeteries where war casualties were buried[2] and thus became a symbol of Remembrance Day (see Remembrance poppy).
"In Flanders Fields" was written after McCrae witnessed the death, and presided over the funeral, of a friend, Lt. Alexis Helmer.[3] By some accounts it was written in his notebook,[4] and later rejected by McCrae. Ripped out of his notebook, it was rescued by a fellow officer, Francis Alexander Scrimger, and later published in Punch magazine. However, this story is rejected by the editor at the time:
- A legend has already grown up around the publication of "In Flanders Fields" in Punch. The truth is, 'that the poem was offered in the usual way and accepted; that is all.' The usual way of offering a piece to an editor is to put it in an envelope with a postage stamp outside to carry it there, and a stamp inside to carry it back. Nothing else helps.[5]
Form[]
The poem is written in the form of a rondeau.
"Grow" vs. "Blow"[]
The use of "grow" in the opening line appears in a handwritten and autographed copy for the 1919 edition of McCrae's poems; the editor, Andrew Macphail, notes in the caption, "This was probably written from memory as 'grow' is used in place of 'blow' in the first line." [5] However, a tracing of a holograph copy on the letterhead of Captain Gilbert Tyndale-Lea M.C. (now held by the Imperial War Museum) indicates that the original dates from 29 April 1915 and that it was given to the captain by the poet on that date. This clearly shows "grow" in the opening line and would change the publicly-held belief as to its date of composition and original opening line.[6] This was certainly changed by the time he submitted it to Punch for publication in December of that year.
After the poem's widespread publication, though, McCrae was quoted as wishing that "they would get to printing 'In F.F.' correctly: it never is nowadays."[7] The truth of whether McCrae originally wrote 'grow' or 'blow' in the opening line might never clearly be established.
Recognition[]
Wreaths of artificial poppies used as a symbol of remembrance
The verses swiftly became popular, used in countless fund-raising campaigns and frequently translated (a Latin version begins In agro belgico...). "In Flanders Fields" was also extensively printed in the United States, which was contemplating joining the war, alongside a 'reply' by R.W. Lillard, ("...Fear not that you have died for naught, / The torch ye threw to us we caught...").
In 1918 US professor Moina Michael, inspired by the poem, published a poem of her own in response, called We Shall Keep the Faith.[8] In tribute to the opening lines of McCrae's poem -- "In Flanders fields the poppies blow / Between the crosses row on row," -- Michael vowed to always wear a red poppy as a symbol of remembrance for those who served in the war.[9]
It become the title poem of McCrae's only collection of poetry, In Flanders Fields, and other poems, published in 1919 after his death.[10] An illustrated edition of the poem was published in 1921, with a preface by William Thomas Manning.[11] An official adaptation into French, used by the Canadian government in Remembrance Day ceremonies, was written by Jean Pariseau and is entitled Au champ d'honneur.(Citation needed)
The Canadian government has placed a memorial to McCrae that features "In Flanders Fields" at the site of the dressing station that sits beside the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's Essex Farm Cemetery.
The Cloth Hall of the city of Ieper (Ypres in French and English) in Belgium has a permanent war remembrance called the "In Flanders Fields Museum", named after the poem.[12]
The poem is often part of Remembrance Day solemnities in Allied countries which contributed troops to World War I, particularly in countries of the British Empire that did so. The poem has achieved near-mythical status in Canada and is among the nation's most prominent symbols. Most Remembrance Day ceremonies will feature a reading of the poem in some form (it is also sung in some places), and many Canadian school children memorize the verse.
The poem is also used in Remembrance Day ceremonies in the United Kingdom, and is occasionally featured in Memorial Day ceremonies in the United States.(Citation needed)
The poem is printed in materials published by veterans' organizations in Canada[13] and the United States.[14] A quotation from the poem once appeared on the Canadian 10-dollar bill.
"In Flanders Fields," which made poppies the best-known symbol of the war, was the inspiration for the British Legion's annual poppy campaign, in which veterans would sell poppies to raise money to help other veterans. The campaign is still going strong, 100 years later, and has spread to other English-speaking countries.
Music[]
In Flanders Fields - Song and Slideshow
"In Flanders Fields" is sung, rather than recited, every year at the televised national Remembrance Day service at Ottawa, Canada. The musical setting that has been used for many years is the Soprano and Alto version of a composition by a Canadian, Alexander Tilley. Tilley's setting of the poem also exists in a full choral arrangement for S.A.T.B. chorus with pianoforte accompaniment.
Canadian rock band The Guess Who briefly quoted and parodied the opening lines of the poem in the 10-minute opus "Friends of Mine," on their 1968 album Wheatfield Soul.
On their 1979 album Join Hands, rock band Siouxsie & the Banshees used the opening lines of the poem for the song "Poppy Day".
Film[]
For occurrences of In Flanders Fields in film, see John McCrae at the Internet Movie Database
See also[]
In Flanders Fields by John McCrae (May 1915)
References[]
- McCrae, Lieutenant Colonel John (1919), In Flanders Fields, and other poems, Arcturus Publishing (reprint 2008), ISBN 1841939943, http://books.google.ca/books?id=TecjwVOo5GsC&lpg=PP1&dq=In%20Flanders%20Fields&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
Notes[]
- ↑ Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory, Oxford University Press, 2000, (ISBN 0195133323), p. 248.
- ↑ The tendency of red poppies to grow on the fresh graves of soldiers in the fields of northern Europe has been noted at least from Napoleonic times. In 1855 Lord Macaulay, writing about the site of the Battle of Landen (in modern Belgium, not far from Ypres) in 1693, wrote "The next summer the soil, fertilised by twenty thousand corpses, broke forth into millions of poppies. The traveller who, on the road from Saint Tron to Tirlemont, saw that vast sheet of rich scarlet spreading from Landen to Neerwinden, could hardly help fancying that the figurative prediction of the Hebrew prophet was literally accomplished, that the earth was disclosing her blood, and refusing to cover the slain." See The History and Poetry of "In Flanders Fields".
- ↑ "Casualty Details Helmer, Alexis Hannum". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1592956.
- ↑ Michael Robert Patterson. "Arlingtoncemetery.net". Arlingtoncemetery.net. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/flanders.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Macphail, Andrew (1919). "John McCrae: An essay in character". In Flanders Fields and Other Poems. http://books.google.com/books?id=FXkoAQAAIAAJ.
- ↑ First World War Poetry Archive, http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/ww1lit/collections/item/1643 c.f. Imperial War Museum Record
- ↑ J.F. Prescott, In Flanders fields: The story of John McCrae. Boston Mills Press, 1985, 107. ISBN 978 0919783072
- ↑ "Moina Michael". Digital Library of Georgia/University of Georgia. http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/mmichael.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
- ↑ "Where did the idea to sell poppies come from?". BBC News. 10 November 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6133312.stm. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
- ↑ 'In Flanders Fields, and Other Poems' at Project Gutenberg
- ↑ McCrae, John (1921). In Flanders Fields. William Thomas Manning, Ernest Clegg (illustrations) (limited edition ed.). William Edwin Rudge.
- ↑ In Flanders Fields
- ↑ Teachers' Guide, Royal Canadian Legion, p. 20.
- ↑ "Buddy Poppy", Veterans of Foreign Wars.
External links[]
- Audio / video
- "In Flanders Fields" text with audio by Leonard Cohen
- "In Flanders Fields" at YouTube
- In Flanders Fields ree audiobook from LibriVox
- About
- This site contains an account of the writing of the poem and a facsimile of the author's manuscript.
- In Flanders Fields, the website of the museum of this name in Ypres, dedicated to this poem
- Royal Canadian Legion web page about John McCrae, In Flanders Fields, and the custom of wearing poppies
- In Flanders Fields, choral piece by composer Bradley Nelson, commissioned by Fresno State Chamber Singers and Chico State Chamber Singers of California State University
- Lost Poets of the Great War, a hypertext document on the poetry of World War I by Harry Rusche, of the English Department, Emory University, Atlanta Georgia. It contains a bibliography of related materials.
- Etc.
- "In Flanders Fields" museum, Ypres.
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