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Janet Frame

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Janet-frame-1

Janet Frame (1924-2004). Courtesy NNDB.

Janet Frame
Born August 28 1924(1924-Template:MONTHNUMBER-28)
Dunedin, New Zealand
Died January 29 2004(2004-Template:MONTHNUMBER-29) (aged 79)
Dunedin, New Zealand
Occupation novelist, short story writer, essayist, poet
Genres modernism, magic realism, postmodernism

Janet Paterson Frame ONZ CBE (28 August 1924 – 29 January 2004) was a New Zealand author. She published 11 novels, 4 collections of short stories, a book of poetry, an edition of juvenile fiction, and 3 volumes of autobiography during her lifetime. Since her death, a 12th novel, another volume of poetry, and a handful of short stories have been released.

Life[]

Overview[]

Frame's celebrity is informed by her dramatic personal history as well as her literary career. Following years of psychiatric hospitalisation, Frame was scheduled for a lobotomy that was canceled when, just days before the procedure, her debut publication of short stories was unexpectedly awarded a national literary prize.[1] These dramatic personal experiences feature prominently in Frame's autobiographical trilogy and director Jane Campion's popular film adaptation of the texts, with recognisably autobiographical elements further resurfacing in many of her fictional publications.[2] Characterised by scholar Simone Oettli as a writer who simultaneously sought fame and anonymity,[3] Frame eschewed the dominant New Zealand literary realism of the post-war era, combining prose, poetry, and modernist elements with a magical realist style,[4] garnering numerous local literary prizes despite mixed critical and public reception.[5]

Early years: 1924-1956[]

Frame was born in Dunedin in the south-east of New Zealand's South Island. the 3rd of 5 children of Scottish New Zealander parents.[6] She grew up in a working class family. Her father, George Frame, worked for the New Zealand railways, and her mother Lottie (Godfrey), served as a housemaid to the family of writer Katherine Mansfield. New Zealand's 1st female medical graduate, Dr. Emily Hancock Siedeberg, delivered Frame at St. Helen's Hospital in 1924.

Frame spent her early childhood years in various small towns in New Zealand's South Island provinces of Otago and Southland, including Outram and Wyndham, before the family eventually settled in the coastal town of Oamaru (recognisable as the "Waimaru" of her début novel and subsequent fiction[7]). As recounted in the 1st volume of her autobiographies, Frame's childhood was marred by the deaths of 2 of her adolescent sisters, Myrtle and Isabel, who drowned in separate incidents, and the epileptic seizures suffered by her brother George (referred to as "Geordie" and "Bruddie").[8]

In 1943, Frame began training as a teacher at the Dunedin College of Education, auditing courses in English, French and psychology at the adjacent University of Otago.[9] After completing 2 years of theoretical studies with mixed results,[10] Frame started a year of practical placement at the Arthur Street School in Dunedin, which, according to her biographer, initially went quite well.[10]

Things started to unravel later that year when she attempted suicide by ingesting a packet of aspirin. As a result of her suicide attempt, Frame began regular therapy sessions with junior lecturer John Money, to whom she developed a strong attraction,[11] and whose later work as a sexologist specialising in gender reassignment remains controversial.[12]

In September 1945, Frame abandoned her teacher-training classroom at Dunedin's Arthur Street School during a visit from an inspector.[13][14] She was then briefly admitted to the psychiatric ward of the local Dunedin hospital for observation.[15] Frame was unwilling to return home to her family, where tensions between her father and brother frequently manifested in outbursts of anger and violence. As a result, Frame was transferred from the local hospital's psychiatric ward to Seacliff Lunatic Asylum, a fabled and feared mental institution located 20 miles north of Dunedin.[16]

During the next 8 years, Frame was repeatedly readmitted, usually voluntarily, to psychiatric hospitals in New Zealand. In addition to Seacliff Lunatic Asylum, these included Avondale, in Auckland, and Sunnyside in Christchurch. During this period, Frame was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia,[15] which was treated with electroconvulsive therapy and insulin.[17]

In 1951, while Frame was still a patient at Seacliff Lunatic Asylum, New Zealand's Caxton Press published her debut book, a collection of shorts titled The Lagoon, and other stories.[18] The volume was awarded the Hubert Church Memorial Award, at that time 1 of New Zealand's most prestigious literary prizes. This resulted in the cancellation of Frame's scheduled lobotomy.[19][20]

In 1955, after her final discharge from Seacliff Lunatic Asylum, Frame met writer Frank Sargeson.[21] She lived and worked at his home in the Auckland suburb of Takapuna from April 1955 to July 1956, producing her earliest full-length novel, Owls Do Cry (Pegasus, 1957).[22]

File:OwlsDoCry.jpg

Owls Do Cry. Dennis Beytagh's cover illustration for Frame's début novel, released by New Zealand's Pegasus Press in 1957.

Literary career: 1957-1989[]

Frame left New Zealand in late 1956, and the next 7 years were her most prolific in terms of publication. She lived and worked in Europe, primarily based in London, with brief sojourns to Ibiza and Andorra.[23][24]

However, Frame was still struggling with anxiety and depression. She admitted herself[25] to the Maudsley Hospital in London. American-trained psychiatrist Alan Miller, who studied under John Money at Johns Hopkins University, proposed that she had never suffered from schizophrenia.[26] [27] In an effort to alleviate the ill effects of her years spent in and out of psychiatric hospitals, Frame then began regular therapy sessions with psychoanalyst Robert Hugh Cawley, who encouraged her to pursue her writing. Frame would eventually dedicate 7 of her novels to Cawley.[28]

Frame returned to New Zealand in 1963. She accepted the Burns Fellowship at the University of Otago in 1965.[29] She later lived in several parts of New Zealand's North Island, including Auckland, Taranaki, Wanganui, the Horowhenua, Palmerston North, Waiheke, Stratford, Browns Bay and Levin.[30]

During this period Frame traveled extensively, occasionally to Europe, but principally to the United States, where she accepted residencies at the MacDowell and Yaddo artists' colonies.[31] Partly as a result of these extended stays in the U.S., Frame developed close relationships with several Americans.[32] These included painter Theophilus Brown (whom she later referred to as "the chief experience of my life"[33]) and his long-time partner Paul John Wonner, poet May Sarton, John Marquand, Jr. and Alan Lelchuck. Frame's 1-time university tutor/counselor and longtime friend, John Money, worked in North America from 1947 onwards, and Frame frequently based herself at his home in Baltimore.[34]

In the 1980s Frame authored 3 volumes of autobiography (To the Is-land, An Angel at my Table and The Envoy from Mirror City) which collectively traced the course of her life to her return to New Zealand in 1963.[8] Frame's autobiographies sold better than any of her previous publications,[35] helped by a successful film adaptation of the texts,[36] and introduced a new generation of readers to her work. These successes increasingly pushed Frame into the public eye.

Frame intended the autobiographies to "set the record straight" regarding her past and in particular her mental status.[37][38] However, critical and public speculation has continued to focus on her mental health.[38] In 2007, after Frame's death, the New Zealand Medical Journal published an article by a medical specialist who proposed that Frame may have registered on what is referred to as the autistic spectrum,[39] a suggestion that was disputed by the author's literary executor.[40][41][42][43]

Rumours occasionally circulated portraying Frame as a contender for the Nobel Prize in literature, most notably in 1998, after a journalist spotted her name at the top of a list later revealed to have been in alphabetical order,[44][45] and again 5 years later, in 2003, when Åsa Beckman, the influential chief literary critic at the Swedish daily Dagens Nyheter, wrongly predicted that Frame would win the prestigious prize.[46]

In 2000, popular New Zealand historian Michael King published his authorised biography of Frame, Wrestling with the Angel. The book was simultaneously released in New Zealand and North America, with British and Australian editions appearing in later years.[8] King's award-winning and exhaustive work attracted both praise and criticism. Some questioned the extent to which Frame guided the hand of her biographer,[47][48][49] while others argued that he had failed to come to terms with the complexity and subtlety of his subject.[50] Adding to the controversy, King openly admitted that he withheld information "that would have been a source of embarrassment and distress to her," and that he adopted publisher Christine Cole Catley's notion of "compassionate truth." This advocates "a presentation of evidence and conclusions that fulfil [sic] the major objectives of biography, but without the revelation of information that would involve the living subject in unwarranted embarrassment, loss of face, emotional or physical pain, or a nervous or psychiatric collapse." King defended his project and maintained that future biographies on Frame would eventually fill in the gaps left by his own work.[51]

Death & Posthumous Publications: 2004-date[]

Frame died in Dunedin in January 2004, aged 79, from acute myeloid leukaemia, shortly after becoming one of the first recipients of the New Zealand "Icon" award.[52][53]

Writing[]

Frame's writing became the focus of academic criticism from the late 1970s, with approaches ranging from Marxist and social realist, to feminist and poststructuralist.

In later years, book-length monographs on Frame were published. These included Patrick Evans’s bio-critical contribution for the "Twayne's World Authors Series," Janet Frame (1977), Gina Mercer's feminist reading of the novels and autobiographies, Janet Frame: Subversive Fictions (1994), and Judith Dell Panny's allegorical approach to the works, I have what I gave: The fiction of Janet Frame (1992).

A collection of essays edited by Jeanne Delbaere was published in 1978, with a revised edition released under the title The Ring of Fire: Essays on Janet Frame in 1992. That same year, Dunedin's University of Otago hosted a conference dedicated to a discussion of Frame's work. Many of the papers were published in a special issue of The Journal of New Zealand Literature.

Posthumous publications[]

A handful of posthumous works have been released since Frame's death, including a volume of poetry entitled The Goose Bath, which was awarded New Zealand's top poetry prize in 2007. This generated a minor controversy "among the nation's literarchy" who felt the posthumous prize "set an awkward precedent".[54][55]

A novella, Towards Another Summer, was also published posthumously, a work inspired by a weekend Frame spent with British journalist Geoffrey Moorhouse and his family.[56][57]

In 2008, 2 previously unpublished short stories set in mental hospitals appeared in The New Yorker.[58] Another previously unpublished short story was carried in The New Yorker in 2010.[59]

In March 2011, the New Zealand branch of Penguin Books acquired the rights to publish 3 new editions of Frame's work. The new editions are reported to include a collection of non-fiction essays and interviews, a 2nd collection of uncollected short stories, and a previously unpublished novella authored by Frame during her brief stay in Ibiza in November 1956.

Recognition[]

During her lifetime, Frame's work garnered numerous literary prizes in her native New Zealand, and the Commonwealth Writers' Prize in 1989 for her final novel, The Carpathians.

In 1983 Frame became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to literature.

In 1990, she was made a member of the Order of New Zealand, the country's highest civil honor.[60]

Frame also held foreign membership of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, received honorary doctorates from 2 New Zealand universities, and achieved recognition as a cultural icon in her native country.[61]

Awards[]

  • 1951: Hubert Church Prose Award (The Lagoon, and other stories)
  • 1956: New Zealand Literary Fund Grant
  • 1958: New Zealand Literary Fund Award for Achievement (Owls Do Cry)
  • 1964: Hubert Church Prose Award (Scented Gardens for the Blind); New Zealand Literary Fund Scholarship in Letters.
  • 1965: Robert Burns Fellowship, University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ
  • 1967: "Buckland Literary Award." (The Reservoir and Other Stories/A State of Siege)
  • 1969: New Zealand Literary Fund Award (The Pocket Mirror: Poems)
  • 1971: Buckland Literary Award (Intensive Care); Hubert Church Prose Award." (Intensive Care)
  • 1972: President of Honour: P.E.N. International New Zealand Centre, Wellington, NZ
  • 1973: James Wattie Book of the Year Award (Daughter Buffallo)
  • 1974: Hubert Church Prose Award (Daughter Buffallo); Winn-Manson Menton Fellowship.
  • 1978: Honorary Doctor of Literature (D.Litt. Honoris Causa) University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ
  • 1979: Buckland Literary Award (Living in the Maniototo)
  • 1980: New Zealand Book Award for Fiction (Living in the Maniototo)
  • 1983: Buckland Literary Award; Sir James Wattie Book of the Year Award (To the Is-Land); C.B.E. (Commander, Order of the British Empire)
  • 1984: Frank Sargeson Fellowship, University of Auckland, NZ
  • 1984: New Zealand Book Award for Non-Fiction (An Angel at My Table); Sir James Wattie Book of the Year Award (An Angel at My Table); Turnovsky Prize for Outstanding Achievement in the Arts
  • 1985: Sir James Wattie Book of the Year Award (The Envoy from Mirror City)
  • 1986: New Zealand Book Award for Non-Fiction (The Envoy from Mirror City); Honorary Foreign Member: The American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters
  • 1989: Ansett New Zealand Book Award for Fiction; Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best Book (The Carpathians)
  • 1990: O.N.Z. (Member, Order of New Zealand)
  • 1992: Honorary Doctor of Literature (D.Litt), University of Waikato, Hamilton, NZ
  • 1994: Massey University Medal, Massey University, Palmerston North, NZ
  • 2003: Arts Foundation of New Zealand Icon Artists; New Zealand Prime Minister’s Award for Literary Achievement
  • 2007: Montana Book Award for Poetry (The Goose Bath)

In popular culture[]

AN_ANGEL_AT_MY_TABLE_TRAILER

AN ANGEL AT MY TABLE TRAILER

Director Jane Campion and screenwriter Laura Jones adapted Frame's autobiographical trilogy for television broadcast. It was eventually released as an award-winning feature film, An Angel at My Table. Actresses Kerry Fox, Alexia Keogh, and Karen Fergusson portrayed Frame at various ages.

Gifted, a novel by New Zealand academic (and former Frame biographer) Patrick Evans, was published in 2010 and subsequently shortlisted for the Commonwealth Writers' Prize. The story is a fictionalised account of the relationship between Janet Frame and Frank Sargeson during her time living as a guest on his Takapuna property in 1955-56.[62]

Publications[]

Main article: Bibliography of Janet Frame

Poetry[]

  • The Pocket Mirror: Poems. New York: Braziller, 1967; London: W.H. Allen, 1967.
  • The Goose Bath. Auckland: Random House / Vintage, 2006.
  • Storms Will Tell: Selected poems. Tarset, Northumberland, UK: Bloodaxe Books, 2008.

Novels[]

  • Owls Do Cry: A novel. Christchurch, NZ: Pegasus Press, 1957; New York: Braziller, 1960.
  • Faces in the Water. Christchurch, NZ: Pegasus Press, 1961; New York: Braziller, 1961; London: Women's Press, 1961.
  • 1962 The Edge of the Alphabet. Christchurch, NZ: Pegasus Press, 1962; London: W.H. Allen, 1962; New York: Braziller, 1962.
  • Scented Gardens for the Blind: A novel. Christchurch, NZ: Pegasus Press, 1963; London: W.H. Allen, 1963; New York: Braziller, 1964.
  • The Adaptable Man. Christchurch, NZ: Pegasus Press, 1965; London: W.H. Allen, 1965; New York: Braziller, 1965.
  • A State of Siege. New York: Braziller, 1966; Christchurch, NZ: Pegasus Press, 1967; London: W.H. Allen, 1967..
  • The Rainbirds. London: W.H. Allen, 1968; Christchurch, NZ: Pegasus Press, 1969
    • published in U.S. as Yellow Flowers in the Antipodean Room. New York: Braziller, 1969.
  • Intensive Care: A novel. New York: Braziller, 1970; Wellington: A.H. & A.W. Reed, 1971; London: W.H. Allen, 1971.
  • Daughter Buffalo: A novel. Wellington: A.H. & A.W. Reed, 1972; New York: Braziller, 1972; London: W.H. Allen, 1972.
  • Living in the Maniototo. New York: Braziller, 1979; London: Women's Press, 1981..
  • The Carpathians. Auckland: Hutchinson, 1988; New York: Braziller, 1988; London: Flamingo, 1988.
  • Towards Another Summer. Auckland: Vintage, 2007; London: Virago, 2007.
  • In the Memorial Room (written in 1974). New York: Counterpoint, 2013; Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2013.
  • The Mijo Tree (novella; illustrated by Deirdre Copeland). Auckland: Penguin, 2013.

Short fiction[]

  • The Lagoon, and other stories. Christchurch: Caxton, 1951.
  • Snowman Snowman: Fables and fantasies. New York: Braziller, 1962.
  • The Reservoir: Stories and sketches. New York: Braziller, 1963.
  • The Reservoir, and other Stories London: W.H. Allen, 1966.
  • You Are Now Entering the Human Heart: Stories. Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1983; London: Women's Press, 1983.
  • Prizes: Selected short stories. Auckland: Vintage, 2008; Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2009.
  • The Daylight and the Dust: Selected short stories. London: Virago, 2010; North Ryde, NSW: Random House, 2010.
  • Between My Father and the King: New and uncollected stories. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2012; Albert Park, Vic: Wilkins Farago, 2013.

Non-fiction[]

  • To the Is-Land: An autobiography, Book 1. Auckland: Hutchinson, 1982; New York: Braziller, 1982; London: Women's Press, 1982.
  • An Angel at My Table: An autobiography, Book 2. Auckland: Hutchinson, 1984; New York: Braziller, 1984; London: Women's Press, 1984.
  • The Envoy From Mirror City: An autobiography, Book 3. Auckland: Hutchinson, 1985; New York: Braziller, 1985; London: Women's Press, 1985.
    • An Autobiography (complete). Auckland: Century Hutchinson, 1989; London: Women's Press, 1990.
    • also published as An Angel at My Table: The complete autobiography. London: Women's Press, 2001; North Sydney, NSW: Random House, 2008; London: Virago, 2008.
  • Janet Frame: In her own words (edited by Denis Harold & Pamela Gordon). North Shore, NZ, & New York: Penguin, 2011.

Juvenile[]

  • Mona Minim and the Smell of the Sun. (illustrated by Robin Jacques). New York: Braziller, 1969.
    • (illustrated by David Elliot). Random House, 2005.

Collected editions[]

  • The Janet Frame Reader (edited by Carole Ferrier). London: Women's Press, 1995.
  • Stories and poems. Auckland: Vintage / Random House, 2004.

Letters[]

  • Dear Charles, Dear Janet: Frame and Brasch in correspondence. Auckland: Holloway Press, 2010.


Except where noted, bibliographical information courtesy WorldCat.[63]

See also[]

The_End_by_Janet_Frame

The End by Janet Frame

The_Clown_By_Janet_Frame

The Clown By Janet Frame

References[]

  • Delbaere, Jeanne, ed. The Ring of Fire. Essays on Janet Frame. Dangaroo Press (Aarhus),1992.
  • Evans, Patrick. "Dr. Clutha’s Book of the World: Janet Paterson Frame, 1924–2004." Journal of New Zealand Literature 22: 15–3.
  • Finlayson, Claire. "A Bolder Spirit." University of Otago Magazine. (NZ) February 2005: 13–14.
  • Frame, Janet. An Autobiography. (collected edition). Auckland: Century Hutchinson, 1989; New York: George Braziller, 1991.
  • King, Michael. "The Compassionate Truth." Meanjin Quarterly 61.1 (2002): 24–34.
  • King, Michael. An Inward Sun: The World of Janet Frame. Penguin (NZ), 2002.
  • King, Michael. Tread Softly for you Tread on My Life. Cape Catley (NZ), 2001
  • King, Michael (2000). Wrestling with the Angel: A Life of Janet Frame. New Zealand: Penguin. 
  • "Legendary NZ writer Janet Frame dies". New Zealand Herald. 29 January 2004.

Notes[]

  1. ↑ Martin, Douglas (30 January 2004). "Janet Frame, 79, Writer Who Explored Madness". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980CE6DF1138F933A05752C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved 2007-11-17. 
  2. ↑ King 2000, pp. 84, 170-74, 210, 220,23, 287, 377, 456.
  3. ↑ Oettli, Simone. Rev. Wrestling with the Angel: A Life of Janet Frame, by Michael King. World Literature Today 76.1 Winter 2002: 142.
  4. ↑ "A literary angel mourned" - New Zealand Herald, Saturday 31 January 2004
  5. ↑ Reid, Tony. "Visionary view of the 'tapestry of words.'" Interview with Janet Frame. New Zealand Herald 12 February 1983: 2.1
  6. ↑ King 2000, p. 16.
  7. ↑ Leaver-Cooper, Sheila. Janet Frame's Kingdom by the Sea: Oamaru. Dunmore (NZ), 1997
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Frame, Janet. An Autobiography Century Hutchinson (NZ), 1989.
  9. ↑ King 2000, p. 51-2.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 King 2000, p. 61-2.
  11. ↑ King 2000, p. 64-5.
  12. ↑ Colapinto, John. As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who was Raised as a Girl. Harper Collins, 2000.
  13. ↑ King 2000, p. 66.
  14. ↑ Lloyd, Mike. "Frame Walks Out." Kotare 5.1, 2004. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Whi051Kota-t1-g1-t4.html#name-120555-1
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 King 2000, p. 69-70.
  16. ↑ King 2000, p. 71.
  17. ↑ King 2000, p. 97, 105.
  18. ↑ King 2000, 106.
  19. ↑ Frame 1991, pp. 222-23.
  20. ↑ King 2000, pp. 111-2.
  21. ↑ King 2000, 123-4.
  22. ↑ King 2000, p. 133.
  23. ↑ Frame 1991, pp. 325-63
  24. ↑ King 2000, 144.
  25. ↑ King 2000, p. 184.
  26. ↑ Frame 1991, 374-5.
  27. ↑ King 2000, 186.
  28. ↑ King 2000, 196-7.
  29. ↑ King 2000, p. 278-282, 283-6, 292, 298, 3000, 330, 378, 517, 518.
  30. ↑ King 2000, p. 392-3.
  31. ↑ King 2000, p. 317-20, 324, 333, 337-40, 342-5, 347-8, 355, 358, 364, 442, 443-5.
  32. ↑ King, Michael. 'Janet Frame: Antipodean phoenix in the American chicken coop." Antipodes: A North American Journal of Australian Literature 15:(2): 86-87; December 2001.
  33. ↑ King 2000, p. 347.
  34. ↑ King 2000, p. 279-80.
  35. ↑ King 2000, p. 470, 490-1, 495, 497, 506.
  36. ↑ King 2000, 448, 460, 466-67, 473-4, 484, 491-92, 495-6, 498, 511.
  37. ↑ Frame, Janet. "My Say." Interview with Elizabeth Alley. Concert Programme. Radio New Zealand, Wellington, NZ. 27 April 1983. Rpt In the Same Room: Conversations with New Zealand Writers. Ed. Elizabeth Alley and Mark Williams. Auckland: Auckland UP, 1992.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 King 2000, p. 433.
  39. ↑ Abrahamson, Sarah. "Did Janet Frame have high-functioning autism?". http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/abstract.php?id=2747. Retrieved 2008-05-01. 
  40. ↑ Hann, Arwen. "Autism Claim Draws Fire from Family, Mum." The Press [NZ]. 22 October 2007: 10.
  41. ↑ Sharp, Iain. "Frame of Mind" Sunday Star Times [NZ]. 21 October 2007: C8.
  42. ↑ Smith, Charmian. "Putting Janet in the Frame." Otago Daily Times [NZ]. 27 October 2007: 45.
  43. ↑ King 2000, p.208.
  44. ↑ MacLeod, Scott. “Reclusive Frame tipped as leading Nobel candidate.” New Zealand Herald. 2 October 2003.
  45. ↑ King 2000, p. 456, 470, 497, 514.
  46. ↑ Fox, Gary. "Sth African J M Coetzee awarded Nobel prize for Literature, dashing hopes of NZ writer Janet Frame." IRN News. 3 October 2003
  47. ↑ Ricketts, Harry. "A life within the frame." The Lancet [UK] 10 November 2001: 1652.
  48. ↑ Wilkins, Damien. "In the Lock-Up." Landfall 201 [NZ] May 2001: 25-36
  49. ↑ Evans, Patrick. "Dr. Clutha’s Book of the World: Janet Paterson Frame, 1924–2004." Journal of New Zealand Literature 22: 15–3.
  50. ↑ Wikse, Maria. "Materialisations of a Woman Writer: Investigating Janet Frame's Biographical Legend" Bern (SW): Peter Lang, 2006.
  51. ↑ King, Michael. "The Compassionate Truth" Meanjin Quarterly 61.1 (2002) 34
  52. ↑ Herrick, Linda. "Belated recognition for 'icons' of arts." New Zealand Herald 2 July 2003
  53. ↑ Kitchin, Peter. "Daring to be different." The Dominion Post [NZ] 9 July 2003.
  54. ↑ "Good for the Gander" The Listener (NZ) 18 August 2007
  55. ↑ Moore, Christopher. "Dubious Decision" The Press (Christchurch, NZ), 1 August 2007
  56. ↑ King 2000, p. .
  57. ↑ Moorehouse, Geoffrey. "Out of New Zealand" Guardian [UK] 16 November 1962.
  58. ↑ Mathews, Philip. "Back on the page" The Press (Christchurch, NZ), 26 July 2008
  59. ↑ http://www.newyorker.com/fiction/features/2010/04/05/100405fi_fiction_frame
  60. ↑ The Order of New Zealand Honours List.
  61. ↑ The New Zealand Edge. http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/frame.html
  62. ↑ http://www.victoria.ac.nz/vup/2010titleinformation/gifted.aspx
  63. ↑ Search results = au:Janet Frame, WorldCat, OCLC Online Computer Library Center Inc. Web, Aug. 16, 2014.

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