John Ogilby

Not to be confused with John Ogilvie.

John Ogilby (November 1600 - 4 September 1676) was a Scottish poet, translator, and miscellaneous writer.

John Ogilby (1600-1676). Portrait after Sir Peter Lily (1618-1680), 1662. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons.

Life

Overview

Ogilby (also spelled Ogelby or Oglivie) is best known today for publishing the earliest British road atlas. He was also a successful translator, noted for publishing his work in handsome illustrated editions. He also translated the fables of Aesop, and wrote 3 epic poems. His bulky output was ridiculed by John Dryden in Mac-Flecknoe and by Alexander Pope in the Dunciad.

Ogilby was born in or near Edinburgh in November 1600. His father was a prisoner within the rules of King's Bench, but by speculation the son found money to apprentice himself to a dancing master and to obtain his father's release. He accompanied Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford, when he went to Ireland as lord deputy, and became tutor to his children. Strafford made him deputy-master of the revels, and he built a little theatre in St Werburgh Street, Dublin, which was very successful. The outbreak of the Civil War ruined his fortunes, and in 1646 he returned to England. Finding his way to Cambridge, he learned Latin from kindly scholars who had been impressed by his industry. He then ventured to translate Virgil into English verse (1649–1650), which brought him a considerable sum of money. The success of this attempt encouraged Ogilby to learn Greek from David Whitford, who was usher in the school kept by James Shirley the dramatist. Homer his Iliad translated . . . appeared in 1660, and in 1665 Homer his Odyssey translated . . . Anthony à Wood asserts that in these undertakings he had the assistance of Shirley. At the Restoration Ogilby received a commission for the "poetical part" of the coronation. His property was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, but he rebuilt his house in Whitefriars, and set up a printing press, from which he issued many magnificent books, the most important of which were a series of atlases, with engravings and maps by Hollar and others. He styled himself "His Majesty's Cosmographer and Geographic Printer." He died in London on the 4th of September 1676.

Youth and education

Ogilby was born in or near Edinburgh in November 1600. He was of good family, but his father, having spent his estate, became a prisoner in the king's bench, and could give his son little education.

The youth, however, being industrious, saved a small sum of money, with which be speculated successfully in the lottery for the advancement of the plantation in Virginia. He was thereby enabled to obtain his father s release, and bind himself apprentice to a Mr. Draper, a dancing-master in Gray's Inn Lane. Before long he made himself perfect in the art, and by his obliging behaviour to the pupils acquired money enough from them to buy out the remainder of his time.

Early career

Ogilby now began teaching on his own account, and was soon ranked among the best masters in the profession. He was selected to dance in the duke of Buckingham's great masque at court, when he injured himself and became slightly lame. For a time he had for his apprentice John Lacy (died 1681), afterwards well known as an actor and dramatist. Among his pupils were the sisters of Sir Ralph (afterwards Lord) Hopton at Wytham, Somerset, and at leisure moments he learned from Sir Ralph how to handle the pike and musket.

In 1633, when the earl of Strafford became lord-deputy of Ireland, he took Ogilby into his household to teach his children, and Ogilby, writing an excellent hand, was frequently employed by the earl to transcribe papers for him. Subsequently he became a member of Strafford's troop of guard, and wrote some humorous verses entitled "The Character of a Trooper."

Appointed deputy-master of the revels in Ireland, he built a little theatre in St. Werburgh Street, Dublin, and was much patronised; but upon the outbreak of the civil war in 1641 he lost everything, underwent many hardships, and narrowly escaped being blown up in Rathfurm Castle, near Dublin. To add to his misfortunes, he was shipwrecked in his passage from Ireland, and arrived in London quite destitute.

Ogilby proceeded on foot to Cambridge, where several scholars, attracted by his industry, gave him Latin lessons. after which he translated the Aeneid of Virgil. This translation, and another which he made of Aesop, brought him in some money.

About 1654 Ogilby learned Greek from David Whitford or Whitfield, at that time usher to dramatist James Shirley, who was keeping a school in Whitefriars. He then translated Homer, his translation of The Iliad appearing in 1660, and his translation of The Odyssey in 1665. In these Ogilby is said, on doubtful authority, to have been assisted by Shirley.)

With the assistance of Dr. John Worthington and other divines, Ogilby brought out at Cambridge in 1660 a noble edition of the Bible (two vols. royal folio), illustrated with ‘chorographical sculps’ by Ogilby himself, and 107 engravings by N. J. Visscher. Having presented a splendidly bound copy of it to the king on his coming to the royal chapel at Whitehall, he was commanded to supply other copies for use in the chapel, closet, library, and council chamber, at a cost of 200l. He presented another copy to the House of Commons, for which he received 50l. About August 1661 he petitioned the king to prohibit anyone for 10 years from printing a folio bible such as his, and to commend his edition to all churches and chapels, that he might thereby be encouraged in his design of printing a polyglott bible (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1661–2, 67, 68, 433). His bible was severely censured by Bishop Wetenhall in his ‘Scripture authentick and Faith certain,’ 1686. In Acts vi. 3 the word ‘ye’ was substituted for ‘we.’

Post-Restoration

At the Restoration, Ogilby made himself acceptable to Charles II and his court. In 1661 he was entrusted with the sole conduct of the "poetical part" of the coronation (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660–1, p. 668). The device which he exhibited over the triumphal arch in Leadenhall Street was much applauded, and is referred to by Dryden in his poem on the coronation (Works, ed. Scott, 1821, ix. 61).

Ogilby published in 10 folio sheets a rough sketch of Charles II's coronation, entitled The Relation of his Majesties Entertainment passing through the City of London to his Coronation, 1661. This was followed in 1662 by the splendid folio known as ‘The Entertainment of … Charles II in his Passage through the City of London,’ &c. The letterpress was revised by the king's command by Sir Edward Walker, Garter (ib. Dom. 1660–1, p. 606, 1661–2, p. 350); the plates are mostly by Hollar. This work, of which another edition was published by William Morgan in 1685, has proved of great service in similar ceremonies of subsequent date.

In 1662 Ogilby obtained the patent for master of the revels in Ireland in competition with Sir William D'Avenant. His old theatre in Dublin having been destroyed in the civil war, he built a new theatre at the cost of nearly £2,000. He got into trouble by decoying away to his theatre John Richards, from D'Avenant's company of actors, who were nominally servants to the duke of York, and he had to make ample apology (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1661–2, 466).

On again settling in London, Ogilby translated and published books. To facilitate the sale of them Ogilby established about 1664, under royal patronage, a lottery in which all the prizes were books of his own editing and printing or publishing. The plague and the great fire of London seriously interfered with the working of this scheme, in the great fire of 1666, his house in Whitefriars was destroyed, along with stock to the value of £3,000 (ib. Dom. 1666, pp. 171–2). Immediately afterwards the corporation appointed Ogilby and his wife's grandson, William Morgan, as "sworn viewers" or surveyors, to plot out the disputed property in the city. They subsequently surveyed the whole city, and their ground-plan was published in 1677 (Overall, Remembrancia, 46 n.)

Ogilby was soon enabled to rebuild his house, and to set up a large printing establishment; he was besides invested with the ornamental titles of "king's cosmographer and geographic printer." He subsequently opened a new "standing lottery," the prospectus of which is to be found in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1814 (pt. i. 646), wherein he quaintly complains that his subscribers do not pay. Samuel Pepys, who collected Ogilby's publications, relates his success in this lottery (Diary, ed. 1849, iii. 159).

Contemporary writers represent him as a man of attractive manners, great sagacity, and untiring energy. According to Aubrey his wife was the daughter of Mr. Fox of Netherhampton, near Wilton, Wiltshire, a servant of Lord Pembroke, by whom he had an only daughter, Mrs. Morgan, mother of the William Morgan who assisted him in his business. But from his will (P.C.C. 124, Bence) it is clear that Ogilby married a widow. Christian (? Knight), and it was her daughter by a former husband who was mother of William Morgan. There was another daughter, Elizabeth Knight. Mrs. Ogilby died in Whitefriars in 1681 (Administration Act Book, P.C.C., dated 16 June 1681).

Ogilby printed many splendid books, mostly in folio; several were illustrated, or, as he expressed it, "adorned with sculpture," by Hollar and other eminent engravers. On 25 May 1666 the king, on his petition, issued a proclamation forbidding anyone for 15 years to reprint or "counterfeit the sculpture in them," an injunction renewed on 20 March 1667 (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1664–5, p. 384, 1666–7, p. 674).

During the last years of his life Ogilby devoted himself to the production of books of geography and topography, copiously illustrated with maps and engravings by Hollar and others. These were:

1. ‘An Embassy from the East India Company of the United Provinces to the Grand Tartar Cham, Emperour of China, delivered by their Excellencies Peter de Gayer and Jacob de Keyzer at his Imperial City of Peking,’ fol., London, 1669 (2nd edit., to which was added ‘Atlas Chinensis’—also published separately in 1671–2 vols. fol., London, 1673). This work was compiled from the Dutch of Jan Nieuhof, Olfert, Dapper, and Arnoldus Montanus.
2. ‘Atlas Japanensis; being remarkable Addresses, by way of embassy, from the East India Company of the United Provinces to the Emperor of Japan,’ fol., London, 1670, compiled from Montanus.
3. ‘Africa,’ fol., London, 1670, translated from Dapper, and ‘augmented with observations.’ In the preface he gives an entertaining account of his own writings.
4. ‘America,’ fol., London, 1671.
5. ‘Asia. The first part,’ fol., London, 1673. The second part was the ‘Embassy to the Emperour of China,’ already published in 1669, and again in 1673.
6. ‘Britannia. Volume the first, or an Illustration of the Kingdom of England and Dominion of Wales, by a Geographical and Historical Description of the principal Roads thereof, printed on one hundred copper plates,’ fol., London, 1675 (2nd edit., revised and apparently abridged, 1698); it was undertaken by the express desire of the king. This "noble description of Britain," as it is deservedly called by Bishop Nicolson, never proceeded beyond the first volume, although Ogilby in his will earnestly requested William Morgan to finish it. Vol. ii. was to have contained views of English cities; vol. iii. 'A Topographical Description of the whole Kingdom.'

Ogilby also projected the following atlases and maps:

1. A new Map of Kent, 1670, engraved Dy F. Lamb.
2. 'Novissima Jamaicæ Descriptio,' 1671.
3. 'Itinerarium Angliæ, or a Book of Roads ... of England and ... Wales,' in which he was assisted by W. Morgan, fol., London, 1675 (abridged as 'The Traveller's Guide' in 1699, 8vo). An 'improved edition' by John Senex was issued in 1719 in 2 oblong quarto volumes as 'An Actual Surrey,' and other editions, with descriptions of the towns by John Owen and maps of Emanuel Bowen, appeared in 1720, both 8vo and 4to, 1724, 4to, 1731, 4to, 1736, 8vo, and 1753, 4to, under the title of 'Britannia Depicta.' Smaller editions, called respectively 'Pocket-Book of the Roads,' and 'The Traveller's Pocket Book,' were published in 1721 and 1782, 8vo.
4. 'Tables of measur'd Roads (of England and Wales, with Map),' 8vo, 1676.
5. 'London accurately surveyed ... finished by W. Morgan,' 8 sheets, 1677. An 'Explanation' of this map was published in quarto during the same year. The copy of this 'Explanation' or 'Key' at the British Museum is believed to be unique. A facsimile has recently (1894) been edited for the London and Middlesex Archæological Society by Mr. Charles Welch, F.S.A.
6. 'Essex, actually surveyed ... by J. Ogilby and W. Morgan, 1678.
7. 'The Borough or Corporation of Ipswich ... actually surveyed ... A^o 1674, with views, 9 sheets, 1698.
8. 'A large and accurate Map of the City of London.'
9. 'Middlesex.'
10. 'Table of the North-West Roads' (of England).
11. 'A new Map of ... England and ... Wales. Whereon are projected all the principal Roads.'

He died on 4 September 1676, and was buried in St. Bride's Church, Fleet Street.

Writing

Ogilby's translation of Virgil into heroic verse was published in large 8vo in 1649, and was sumptuously reprinted in 1654 in royal folio, with plates by Hollar, and again in 8vo in 1665. His mastery over the heroic couplet is creditable; his version is sufficiently close to the words of Virgil — much more so than Dryden's — and though he shows no trace of poetical feeling, he writes in fair commonplace English. He was ridiculed, but his version continued to be bought until Dryden's appeared, and the ‘sculptures,’ which form a prominent feature in this as in his other books, were considered good enough to be borrowed by Dryden. His work heads the list of the ‘Lady's Library’ in the ‘Spectator,’ and in our own day was included among the books recommended for examination to those whom Dean Stanley of Westminster brought together with a view to enlisting their services in the production of a new English dictionary. Ogilby also published in 1658 a beautiful folio edition of the Latin original, embellished with 101 illustrations by Lombart, Faithorne, Hollar, and others.

His rhyming paraphrase of Aesop's ‘Fables’ followed in 1651, 4to, being recommended in some verses by Sir William Davenant and James Shirley. In 1665 a 2nd part appeared in folio, which included some fables of his own, called ‘Æsopics,’ composed during his stay at Kingston-on-Thames in the time of the plague. Both parts were issued in folio in 1665–1668, and contain engravings by W. Hollar, D. Stoop, and F. Barlow. Another edition, in 2 vols. 8vo, is dated 1675.

Of his translation of Homer, The Iliad appeared in 1660, and the Odyssey in 1665, both on imperial paper, and with plates by Hollar and others. According to Spence (Anecdotes, 276.) it was this illustrated edition which allured Pope to read the Iliad’ when he was a boy at school.

Ogilby is known to have written 2 heroic poems called The Ephesian Matron and The Roman Slave, and an epic poem in 12 books entitled Carolies in honour of Charles I, but the former 2 were never published, and the 3rd was burnt in the fire of London (cf. preface to his Africa). He was also author of an unprinted play called The Merchant of Dublin, and has lines affixed to a portrait of Charles II, 1661.

Critical reputation

Ogilby's name, thanks to the ridicule of Dryden in MacFlecknoe and of Pope in The Dunciad, has become almost proverbial for a bad poet. Though Pope sneered at Ogilby, he did not disdain to borrow from his version of Virgil's Eclogues and translation of Homer.

Recognition

Ogilby 's portrait, engraved by the elder William Faithorne after a painting by Sir Peter Lely, is prefixed to his translation of Virgil. Another portrait by Lely was engraved by Lombart. A 3rd portrait, by Fuller, was engraved by Edwards; there is also an engraving of Ogilby by Marshall. His bust is prefixed to his translation of Æsop's Fables.

Publications

Facsimile editions of Britannia

• Alexander Duckham, 1939 (reduced size)
• Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1970 (with introduction by John B. Harley)
• Osprey, Reading, 1971 (with introduction by Roger Cleeve) ISBN 0850450349
• Old Hall Press, Leeds, 1989 (with introduction by Dr. Helen Wallis), an edition of 500 copies ISBN 0946534179

See also

• Translators of Homer
• List of British poets

References

•  Goodwin, Gordon (1895) "Ogilby, John" in Lee, Sidney Dictionary of National Biography 42 London: Smith, Elder, pp. 15-17  . Wikisource, Web, June 28, 2021.

External links

Books

• Reproductions of the Hampshire maps
• Reproductions of the maps
• Nieuhof, Johannes, 1618-1672 / "An embassy from the East-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham, emperor of China: delivered by their excellencies Peter de Goyer and Jacob de Keyzer, at his imperial city of Peking wherein the cities, towns, villages, ports, rivers, &c. in their passages from Canton to Peking are ingeniously described by John Nieuhoff; also an epistle of Father John Adams, their antagonist, concerning the whole negotiation; with an appendix of several remarks taken out of Father Athanasius Kircher; Englished and set forth with their several sculptures by John Ogilby" (1673)
• John Ogilby at Amazon.com
• Works by or about John Ogilby in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

About

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, the Dictionary of National Biography (edited by Leslie Stephen & Sidney Lee). London: Smith, Elder, 1885-1900. Original article is at: Ogilby, John
 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, the 1911 Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.. Original article is at Ogilvie, John