Lewis Theobald

Lewis Theobald (1685-1744), The Works of Shakespeare, 1733. Courtesy Internet Archive.

Lewis Theobald (baptized April 2, 1688 - September 18, 1744) was an English poet, translator, and editor, best known for his edition of the works of William Shakespeare.

Life

Overview

Theobald, originally an attorney, took to literature, translated from Plato, the Greek dramatists, and Homer, and wrote also essays, biographies, and poems. In 1715 he published Shakespeare Restored etc., in which he severely criticised Pope's edition, and was in consequence rewarded with the 1st place in The Dunciad, and the adoption of most of his corrections in Pope's next edition. Though a poor poet, he was an acute and discriminating critic, made brilliant emendations on some of the classics, and produced in 1734 an edition of Shakespeare which gave him a high place.

Youth

Theobald, the son of Peter Theobald, an attorney practising at Sittingbourne in Kent, was born in that town and was baptised at the parish church, as the register testifies, on 2 April 1688. He was placed under the tuition of an able schoolmaster, the Rev. M. Ellis of Isleworth (Baker MSS. extract in Gentleman's Magazine, lxi. 788). To Ellis he must have owed much, for Theobald's classical attainments were considerable, and it does not appear that he received any further instruction.

It would seem from what he says in his dedication of the Happy Captive to Lady Monson that he had early been left an orphan in great poverty, that he had been protected and educated by Lady Monson's father, her brother, Lord Sondes, being his fellow-pupil, but that he had not made the best of what "might have accrued to him from so favourable a situation in life."

Early works

Like his father, he became an attorney; but the law was distasteful to him, and he very soon abandoned it for literature. His first publication was a Pindaric ode on the union of England and Scotland, which appeared in 1707. In his preface to his tragedy The Persian Princess, printed in 1715, he tells us that that play was written and acted before he had completed his 19th year, which would be in 1707.

In May 1713 he translated for Bernard Lintot the Phædo of Plato, and entered into a contract for a translation of the tragedies of Æschylus. Lintot's account-books show that Theobald contracted for many translations which were either not finished or not published, but between 1714 and 1715 he published translations of the Electra (1714), of the Ajax (1714), and of the Œdipus Rex (1715) of Sophocles, and of the Plutus and the Clouds (both in 1715) of Aristophanes. The translations from Sophocles are in free and spirited blank verse, the choruses in lyrics, and the tragedies are divided into acts and scenes; the versions of the Plutus and the Clouds are in vigorous and racy colloquial prose.

Theobald had now settled down to the pursuits of the literary hack, being in all probability dependent on his pen for his livelihood. In 1713 he hurried out a catchpenny Life of Cato for the benefit of the spectators and readers of Addison's tragedy which then held the town. Next year he published 2 poems — The Cave of Poverty, which he calls an imitation of Shakespeare, presumably because it is written in the measure and form of Venus and Adonis, and The Mausoleum, a funeral elegy in heroics on the death of Queen Anne. These poems, like all Theobald's poems, are perfectly worthless.

On 11 April 1715 he began in Mist's Journal "The Censor," a series of short essays on the model of the Spectator, which appeared three times a week, ceasing with the 30th number on 17 June. 18 months afterwards they were resumed (1 Jan. 1717) as an independent publication running on to 96 numbers. When they were discontinued later in the same year, they were collected and published in 3 duodecimo volumes. By some remarks (see vol. ii. No. xxxiii.) which he had made on John Dennis he brought himself into collision with that formidable critic, who afterwards described him as "a notorious idiot, one hight Whachum, who, from an under spurleather to the law, is become an understrapper to the playhouse" (Dennis, Remarks on Pope's Homer).

Meanwhile Theobald had been engaged in other works. In 1715 appeared his tragedy, The Perfidious Brother, which became the subject of a scandal reflecting very seriously on Theobald's honesty. It seems that Henry Meystayer, a watchmaker in the city, had submitted to Theobald the rough material of this play, requesting him to adapt it for the stage. The needful alterations involved the complete recasting and rewriting of the piece, costing Theobald, according to his own account, 4 months' labour. As he had "created it anew," he thought he was entitled to bring it out as his own work and to take the credit of it; and this he did. But as soon as the play was produced Meystayer claimed it as his own, and in the following year published what he asserted was his own version, with an ironical dedication to the alleged plagiarist. A comparison of the 2 shows that they are identical in plot and very often in expression. But as Meystayer's version succeeded Theobald's, it is of course impossible to settle the relative honesty or dishonesty of the one man or of the other. The fact that Theobald did not carry out his threat of publishing Meystayer's original manuscript is not a presumption in his favour.

His next performances were a translation of the first book of the Odyssey, with notes (1716); a prose romance founded on Corneille's tragi-comedy Antiochus, entitled The Loves of Antiochus and Stratonice; and an opera in one act, Pan and Syrinx; both of which appeared in 1717. These were succeeded in 1718 by The Lady's Triumph, a dramatic opera, and by Decius and Paulina, a masque, both performed at Lincoln's Inn. In 1719 he published a Memoir of Sir Walter Raleigh which is of no importance. In 1720 his adaptation of Shakespeare's Richard II, though it procured for him a banknote for a hundred pounds "enclosed in an Egyptian pebble snuffbox" from Lord Orrery, proved that the most exquisite of verbal critics may be the most wretched of dramatic artists.

Next year he led off a poetical miscellany, The Grove, published by William Meres, John], with a vapid and commonplace poetical version of the Hero and Leander of the pseudo-Musæus. Nor can anything be said in favour of his pantomimes, The Rape of Proserpine, or his Harlequin a Sorcerer (1725), or his Vocal Parts of an Entertainment: Apollo and Daphne (1726). He seems to have materially aided his friend John Rich, the manager of Drury Lane, in establishing the popularity of his novel pantomimic entertainments.

Controversy with Pope

But Theobald was about to appear in a new character. In March 1725 Pope gave to the world his edition of Shakespeare — a task for which he was ill qualified. But what Pope lacked Theobald possessed, and early in 1726 appeared in a substantial quarto volume Shakespeare Restored; or, A specimen of the many errors as well Committed as Unamended by Mr. Pope in his late edition of this poet: designed not only to correct the said Edition, but to restore the true Reading of Shakespeare in all the Editions ever published. By Mr. Theobald. It was dedicated to John Rich, the manager, who on the 24th of the following May gave Theobald a benefit (Genest, Account of the English Stage, iii. 188). In the preface Pope is treated personally with the greatest respect. But Theobald asserted that his veneration for Shakespeare had induced him to assume a task which Pope "seems purposely, I was going to say, with too nice a scruple to have declined."

In the body of the work he confines himself to animadversions on Hamlet, but in an appendix of some 44 closely printed pages in small type he deals similarly with portions of most of the other plays. This work not only exposed the incapacity of Pope as an editor, but gave conclusive proof of Theobald's competence for the task in which Pope had failed. Many of Theobald's most felicitous corrections and emendations of Shakespeare's text are to be found in this, his first contribution to textual criticism.

Pope's resentment expressed itself characteristically. "From this time," says Johnson, "Pope became an enemy to editors, collators, commentators, and verbal critics, and hoped to persuade the world that he miscarried in this undertaking only by having a mind too great for such minute employment."

In 1728 Pope brought out a 2nd edition of his Shakespeare, in which he incorporated, without a word to indicate them, the greater part of Theobald's best conjectures and regulations of the text, inserting in his last volume the following note:

Since the publication of our first edition, there having been some attempts upon Shakespeare published by Lewis Theobald which he would not communicate during the time wherein that edition was preparing for the press, when we by public advertisement did request the assistance of all lovers of this author, we have inserted in this impression as many of 'em as are judged of any the least importance to the poet — the whole amounting to about twenty-five words [a gross misrepresentation of his debt to Theobald] but to the end that every reader may judge for himself, we have annexed a complete list of the rest, which, if he shall think trivial or erroneous either in part or the whole, at worst it can but spoil half a sheet of paper that chances to be left vacant here" (Appendix to vol. viii. of Pope's Shakespeare).

Nor was Pope content with this. In March 1727-8 the 3rd volume of the Miscellanies containing the Treatise on the Bathos was published, in which, in addition to 3 sarcastic quotations from Theobald's Double Falsehood, L.T. figures among the swallows — "authors that are eternally skimming and fluttering up and down, but all their ability is employed to catch flies" — and the eels, "obscure authors that wrap themselves up in their own mud, but are mighty nimble and pert."

Two months afterwards appeared the first edition of the Dunciad, of which poor Theobald was the hero. (In the 1741 edition "Tibbald," as Pope contemptuously called him, was ‘dethroned’ and Colley Cibber elevated in his place). It is, however, only faie to Pope to say that since the publication of Shakespeare Restored, Theobald had been continually irritating him by further remarks about his edition. These were inserted in Mist's Journal, to which he was in the habit of communicating notes on Shakespeare. To this Pope refers in the couplet:

Old puns restore, lost blunders nicely seek,

And crucify poor Shakespeare once a week

(Dunciad, i. 154–5, 1st edit.).

Pope's satire is chiefly directed against Theobald's pedantry, dulness, poverty, and ingratitude. Against the charge of ingratitude Theobald defended himself. In a publication called The Author, dated 16 April 1729, from Wyan's Court, Great Russell Street (where Theobald continued to reside till his death), he says that he had asked Pope 2 favors: that he would assist him "in a few tickets towards my benefit," and that he would subscribe to his intended translation of Æschylus; that to each of these requests Pope had sent civil replies, but had granted neither. The charge of ingratitude, he adds, had been circulated for the purpose of injuring him in a subscription he was getting up for some Remarks on Shakespeare, and to prejudice the public against a play which was about to be acted at a benefit for him at Drury Lane. The work referred to as Remarks on Shakespeare he was induced to abandon for an edition of Shakespeare; the play to which he refers was The Double Falsehood, a tragedy, first acted at Drury Lane in 1727, and published in 1728. Theobald professed to believe that it was by Shakespeare, and a patent was granted him giving him the sole and exclusive right of printing and publishing the work for a term of 14 years, on the ground that he had, at considerable cost, purchased the manuscript copy (for its history see Theobald's dedication of it to Bubb Dodington; and for conjectures as to its real authorship, see Farmer's Essay on the Learning of Shakespeare, pp. 29–32, where it is assigned to Shirley. Malone was inclined to attribute it to Massinger. Reed thought it was in the main Theobald's own composition. To the present writer it seems all but certain that it was founded on some old play, the plot being borrowed from the story of Cardenio in Don Quixote, but that it is for the most part from Theobald's own pen).

Middle career

In 1728 Theobald edited the posthumous works of William Wycherley and contributed some notes to Cooke's translation of Hesiod.

Meanwhile he was accumulating materials for his edition of Shakespeare, corresponding on the subject with Matthew Concanen, who appears to have been on the staff of the London Journal, with the learned Dr. Styan Thirlby, then a fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, and with Warburton, at that time an obscure country clergyman in Lincolnshire. His correspondence with Warburton, to whom he was introduced by Concanen, was regularly continued between March 1729 and October 1734, and is printed in Nichols's Illustrations of Literature (ii. 204–654).

In September 1730 the death of Eusden left the poet-laureateship open, and Theobald became a candidate. Lord Gage introduced him to Sir Robert Walpole, who recommended him to the Duke of Grafton, then lord chamberlain, and these recommendations being endorsed by Frederick, prince of Wales, Theobald had every prospect of success. But "after standing fair for the post at least three weeks," he had "the mortification to be supplanted" by Colley Cibber (Letter to Warburton, December 1730; Nichols, Illustr. ii. 617).

In the following year (1731) he had an opportunity of proving his claims to Greek scholarship. Jortin, with the assistance of 2 of the most eminent scholars of that time — Joseph Wasse and Zachary Pearce, the editor of Longinus — published the first number of a periodical entitled Miscellaneous Observations on Authors Ancient and Modern. To this Theobald contributed some ingenious, and some cases very felicitous, emendations of Æschylus, Anacreon, Athenæus, Hesychius, Suidas, and Eustathius; and Jortin was so pleased with them that he not only inserted them, but asked Theobald for more.

Theobald's Shakespeare

It seems that as early as 10 November 1731 Theobald completed an arrangement with Jacob Tonson for bringing out his edition of Shakespeare, for which he was to receive 1,100 guineas. But 2 laborious years passed before it was ready for the public. Meanwhile a pantomime, Perseus and Andromeda, almost certainly from his pen, was produced (1730) at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and next year appeared at the same theatre ‘restes, described as a dramatic opera, but really a tragedy. In 1733 Pope's attack was followed by one from the pen of Mallet in the form of an epistle to Pope, entitled Verbal Criticism. "Hang him, baboon!’ exclaimed Theobald, in the words of Falstaff; "his art is as thick as Tewkesbury mustard; there is no more conceit in him than in a Mallet."

At last, in March 1733-4, the long-expected edition of Shakespeare was given to the world in 7 volumes, dedicated to Lord Orrery. A long list of influential subscribers, including the Prince of Wales and the prime minister, Sir Robert Walpole, shows that no pains had been spared to insure its success.

It would not be too much to say that the text of Shakespeare owes more to Theobald than to any other editor. Many desperate corruptions were rectified by him, and in the union of learning, critical acumen, tact, and good sense he has perhaps no equal among Shakespearean commentators. In spite of the incessant attacks of contemporaries and successors, Theobald's work was properly appreciated by the public. Between 1734 and 1757 it passed through 3 editions, while between 1757 and 1773 it was reprinted 4 times, no less than 12,860 copies being sold (Nichols, Illustrations, ii. 714 n.) Theobald's net profits from his edition appear to have amounted to £652.10s., a large sum when compared with the receipts of other editors for similar work.

Final years

But poverty still pursued Theobald, and he was driven back to his old drudgery for the stage. Between 1734 and 1741 he produced a pantomime, Merlin; or, The Devil at Stonehenge (1734); The Fatal Secret, a tragedy, which is an adaptation of Webster's Duchess of Malfi; 2 operas, Orpheus and Eurydice (1740) and The Happy Captive (1741), founded on a story in the 4th book of the 1st part of Don Quixote. He also completed a tragedy, The Death of Hannibal, which was neither acted nor printed.

But misfortunes were now pressing hard on him, and in the Daily Post, 13 May 1741, appears a letter from him announcing that the "situation of his affairs from a loss and disappointment obliged him to embrace a benefit, and laid him under the necessity of throwing himself on the favour of the public and the assistance of his friends;" and from another part of the paper we learn that the play to be acted for his benefit was The Double Falsehood.

Next year he issued proposals for a critical edition of the plays of Beaumont and Fletcher, "desiring the assistance of all gentlemen who had made any comments on them." He was engaged on this when he died; and in 1750, 6 years after his death, appeared the well-known edition of Beaumont and Fletcher's plays in 10 volumes, "edited by the late Mr. Theobald, Mr. Seward of Eyam in Derbyshire, and Mr. Sympson of Gainsborough." From the work itself we learn that Theobald had completed the editing and annotation of The Maid's Tragedy, Philaster, A King and No King, The Scornful Lady, The Custom of the Country, The Elder Brother, the first 3 acts of The Spanish Curate, and part of The Humorous Lieutenant (see vol. i. pref.)

Of Theobald's death an account has been preserved written by a Mr. Stede of Covent Garden Theatre (printed in Nichols's ‘Illustrations,’ ii. 745 n.):

September 18th, 1744, about 10 A.M., died Mr. Lewis Theobald. … He was of a generous spirit, too generous for his circumstances; and none knew how to do a handsome thing or confer a benefit when in his power with a better grace than himself. He was my ancient friend of near thirty years' acquaintance. Interred at Pancras, the 20th, 6 o'clock P.M. I only attended him.

This date is corroborated by a notice in the Daily Post for 20 September 1744: ‘Last Tuesday died Mr. Theobald, a gentleman well known for his poetical productions already printed, and for many more promised and subscribed for."

Theobald was married and left a son Lewis, who, by the patronage of Sir Edward Walpole, was appointed a clerk in the annuity pell office, and died young.

Recognition

In popular culture

It was suggested by George Steevens that Hogarth's plate, The Distressed Poet, as originally published on 3 March 1736, was intended as a satire on the much-abused Theobald. The composition was doubtless inspired by Pope's vivid picture of the dunce-laureate-elect brooding over his sunken fortunes (see Pope, Works, ed. Courthope, iv. 28).

Publications

Poetry

• A Pindarick Ode on the Union. London: T.C., 1707.
• The Mausoleum: A poem, sacred to the memory of Queen Anne. London: Jonas Browne, 1714.
• The Cave of Poverty: A poem, written in imitation of Shakespeare. London: Jonas Browne, 1715.
• The Grove; or, A collection of original poems. London: W. Mears, 1721.
• A Bone for the Chroniclers to Pick: A poem. 1758.

Plays

• The Faithful Bride of Grenada. 1704.
• The Persian Princess; or, The royal villain. London: Jonas Browne, 1715.
• The Perfidious Brother: A tragedy. London: Jonas Browne, 1715.
• The History of the Loves of Antiochus and Stratonice. London: Jonas Browne, 1717.
• Pan and Syrinx: An opera of one act. London: W. Mears / J. Browne / F. Clay, 1718.
• Decius and Paulina: A masque. London: W. Mears, 1719.
• The Tragedy of King Richard II (adapted from Shakespeare). London: G. Strahan / W. Mears / T. Meighan / B. Barker, 1720.
• The Rape of Proserpine. London: T. Wood, 1727.
• Double Falsehood; or, The distrest lovers. London: J. Watts, 1728.
• Perseus and Andromeda. London: Tho. Wood, 1730.
• Orestes: A dramatic opera (libretto). London: John Watts, 1731
  • (edited by Brean S. Hammond). London: Arden Shakespeare, 2010.
• The Fatal Secret: A tragedy (adapted from John Webster). London: J. Watts, 1735; Dublin: S. Powell, 1735.
• Orpheus and Euridicye: An opera. London: Thomas Wood, 1739.
• The Happy Captive: An English opera. London: J. Brindley, 1741.
• Edward the Black Prince; or, The battle of Poictiers: An historical tragedy. 1750.
• King Pepin's Campaign. 1755.

Non-fiction

• The Life and Character of Marcus Portious Cato. London: Bernard Lintott, 1713.
• Memoirs of Sir Walter Raleigh. London: W. Mears, 1719.
• Shakespeare Restored; or, A specimen of the many errors as well committed as unamended by Mr Pope. London: Samuel Aris, for R. Franklin & T. Woodman / S. Chapman, 1726; New York: AMS Press, 1970
  • (edited by John Roberts). New York: Garland, 1974.
• A Curious and Remarkable Letter from Mr. Theobald to Mr. Pope. London: 1728.
• Miscellaneous observations upon authors, ancient and modern [Jortin, with contributions by Theobald]. (2 vols), 1731-32.
• An Epistle Humbly Addressed to the Rt Hon John, Earl of Orrery. London: W. Mears, 1732.
• A Miscellany on Taste. 1732.
• Brief Remarks upon the Original and Present State of the Drama. 1758.
• Observations on a Pamphlet Lately Published. 1759.
• Preface to 'The Works of Shakespeare' (edited by Hugh G. Dick). Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, University of California, 1949.

Translated

• Plato, Dialogue of the Immortality of the Soul. London: B. Lintott, 1713.
• Sophocles, Electra: A tragedy. London: Bernard Lintott, 1714; New York: AMS Press, 1976.
• Sophocles, The Clouds: A comedy. London: Jonas Browne, 1715.
• Jean Le Clerc, Observations upon Mr Addison's Travels through Italy. London: E. Curll, 1715.
• Sophocles, Oedipus, King of Thebes: A tragedy;; London: Bernard Lintott, 1715.
• Aristophanes, Plutus; or, The world's idol: A comedy. London: Jonas Browne, 1715.
• Homer, The Odyssey, Book I. London: J. Roberts, 1717.

Edited

• The Censor (edited with others). London: Jonas Browne, 1715-1717.
• William Wycherley, The Posthumous Works London: A. Bettesworth, 1728.
• William Shakespeare, Works. (7 volumes), London: Jacob Tonson, et al, 1733; 2nd edition, (8 volumes), London: H. Lintott, 1740; .
• Francis Beaumont & John Fletcher, Works; with notes critical and explanatory by Messrs Theobald, Seward and Sympson. (10 volumes), London: J. & R. Tonson / S. Draper, 1750.

Except where noted, bibliographical information courtesy WorldCat.

See also

• List of British poets
• List of English-language playwrights
• Shakespeare's editors

References

•  Collins, John Churton (1898) "Theobald, Lewis" in Lee, Sidney Dictionary of National Biography 56 London: Smith, Elder, pp. 118-122 . Wikisource, Web, Dec. 16, 2016.

External links

Poems

• Lewis Theobald (1688-1744) at English Poetry, 1579-1830 (info & 2 poems)

Books

• Lewis Theobald at Amazon.com

About

• Lewis Theobald in the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Theobald, Lewis in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, the Dictionary of National Biography (edited by Leslie Stephen). London: Smith, Elder, 1885-1900. Original article is at: Theobald, Lewis