Template:Unreferenced A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture. The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from the successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed Poet Laureate office.
Most national poets are historical figures, although a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national" poets. Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single national poet is always an act of simplification.
There follows a list of nations. Note that this is not a list of sovereign states or countries, though many of the nations listed may also be states or countries. The terms "nation" (cultural), "country" (geographical) and "state" (political) are not synonyms.
List of national poets[]
- Afghanistan - Khushal Khan Khattak[1]
- Albania - Gjergj Fishta
- Argentina - José Hernández[2]
- Austria - Peter Rosegger, Franz Grillparzer, Johann Nepomuk Nestroy
- Australia - Adam Lindsay Gordon, Henry Lawson, Dorothea Mackellar, A.B. "Banjo" Paterson
- Azerbaijan - Fuzûlî, Nezami Ganjavi, Imadaddin Nasimi, Samad Vurgun
- Bangladesh - Kazi Nazrul Islam[3]
- Belarus - Adam Mickiewicz, Yakub Kolas, Yanka Kupala
- Brazil - Gonçalves Dias, Olavo Bilac, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis.
- Bulgaria - Hristo Botev,[4] Ivan Vazov
- Catalonia - Jacint Verdaguer
- Croatia - Marko Marulić, Miroslav Krleža
- Czech Republic - Karel Hynek Mácha, Jan Neruda
- Chile - Pablo Neruda
- China - Du Fu, Li Bai
- Cuba - José MartÃ
- Dagestan - Rasul Gamzatov
- Denmark - Adam Oehlenschläger
- Dominican Republic - Pedro Mir
- Ecuador - Jose Joaquin de Olmedo, Jorge Enrique Adoum, Karina Galvez
- England - William Shakespeare
- Finland - Johan Ludvig Runeberg
- France - Victor Hugo, Charles Baudelaire
- Friesland - Gysbert Japicx
- Galicia - RosalÃa de Castro
- Georgia - Shota Rustaveli
- Germany - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich von Schiller
- Greece - Homer, Dionisios Solomos
- Guernsey - George Métivier
- Hungary - Sándor Petőfi
- Iceland - HallgrÃmur Pétursson, Halldór Laxness
- India - Subramanya Bharathi
- Israel - Yehuda Amichai, Hayyim Nahman Bialik
- Iran - Ferdowsi, Hafez, Nezami, Saadi, Khayyam, Rumi, Naser Khosrow, Adib Boroumand
- Ireland - Thomas Moore, William Butler Yeats
- Italy - Dante Alighieri
- Jews - Yehuda Halevi
- Kashmir - Mahjoor
- Kazakhstan - Abay Qunanbayuli
- Latvia - Rainis
- Lebanon - Gibran Khalil Gibran, Said Akl
- Lithuania - Adam Mickiewicz
- Luxembourg - Edmond de la Fontaine, known as "Dicks"
- Macedonia - KoÄo Racin
- Malaysia - Usman Awang
- Malta - Dun Karm Psaila
- the Netherlands - Joost van den Vondel, Jacob Cats
- Nicaragua - Ruben Dario
- Nigeria - Chinua Achebe
- Ossetia - Kosta Xetagurov
- Pakistan - Allama Muhammad Iqbal
- Palestine - Mahmoud Darwish, (1917-2003), "the poet of Palestine"
- Panama - Ricardo Miró (1883-1940)[5]
- Peru - César Vallejo
- Philippines - Francisco Balagtas
- Poland - the Three Bards: Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński
- Portugal - LuÃs de Camões (author of the national epic, The Lusiads), Fernando Pessoa (author of the epic-lyric poem, Mensagem)
- Quebec - Émile Nelligan, Gaston Miron, Octave Crémazie, Gilles Vigneault, Félix Leclerc
- Republic of India - Rabindranath Tagore, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Subramanya Bharathi, K. V. Puttappa, Govind Pai, Kavi Pradeep, G.S. Shivarudrappa, N.L. Shraman
- Romania and Moldova - Mihai Eminescu
- Russia - Alexander Pushkin,[6] Mikhail Lermontov, Fyodor Tyutchev
- Saudi Arabia - Ghazi Abdul Rahman Algosaibi
- Scotland - Robert Burns, Hugh MacDiarmid, John Barbour, Edwin Morgan
- Serbia and Montenegro - Petar Petrović Njegoš
- Slovakia - Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav
- Slovenia - France Prešeren
- Somalia - Hassan Ganey - Abdillahi Suldaan Mohammed Timacade - Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi'
- South Africa - Mazisi Kunene
- Spain - Miguel de Cervantes
- Sweden - Carl Michael Bellman, Evert Taube, Gustaf Fröding, Verner von Heidenstam, Esaias Tegnér
- Syria - Nizar Qabbani
- Tunisia - Aboul-Qacem Echebbi
- Turkey - Mehmet Akif Ersoy
- Ukraine - Taras Shevchenko
- United States - Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson
- Venezuela - Rómulo Gallegos, Andrés Eloy Blanco
- Vietnam - Nguyen Du
- Wales - Dylan Thomas, Dafydd ap Gwilym
Sobriquets[]
The French language has a number of sobriquets to denote the origin of various literary languages. Many of these writers may be considered as the bard of their nation, even if they were primarily dramatists or prose writers.
- Dutch language: langue de Vondel
- English language: langue de Shakespeare
- Esperanto language: langue de Zamenhof
- French language: langue de Molière or langue de Voltaire
- German language: langue de Goethe
- Greek language: langue de Homère
- Italian language: langue de Dante
- Latin language: langue de Cicéron
- Norman language: langue de Wace
- Polish language: langue de Adam Mickiewicz
- Portuguese language: langue de LuÃs de Camões
- Provençal language: langue de Mistral
- Romanian language: langue de Mihai Eminescu
- Russian language: langue de Tolstoï or langue de Pouchkine
- Spanish language: langue de Cervantès
Notes[]
- ↑ "Early Afghan literature" on culturalprofiles.net
- ↑ James Woodall, Borges: A Life, Basic Books (1996). ISBN 0-465-04361-5. Relevant excerpt available on the New York Times web site, accessed 9 March 2007.
- ↑ Aparna Chatterjee, Kaazi Nazrul Islam; The National Poet of Bangladesh : A Profile Study on The Literary Shelf, Boloji.com. Accessed 9 March 2007.
- ↑ Hristo Botev’s birth anniversary, Radio Bulgaria History and Religion, posted January 6, 2007, updated on January 12, 2007, accessed 9 March 2007
- ↑ Daniel Balderston, Mike (2004). Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900-2003. Routledge. p. 666. ISBN 0415306876. http://books.google.com/books?id=gamNThQUZvEC&pg=PA356&lpg=PA356&dq=ricardo+mir%C3%B3+poet&source=web&ots=oTAnsTKfUM&sig=kbZv1Hbd7zC2IvxkMfu7oP4RFQc.
- ↑ Stephanie Sandler, Commemorating Pushkin: Russia's Myth of a National Poet, Stanford University Press (2004) ISBN 0804734488
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