
Oliver St. John Gogarty (1878-1957). Portrait by William Orpen (1878-1931). Courtesy Wikimedia Commons.
Oliver Gogarty | |
---|---|
Born |
Oliver Joseph St. John Gogarty August 17 1878 Rutland Square, Dublin, Ireland |
Died |
September 22 1957 New York City, United States | (aged 79)
Occupation | Author, poet, memoirist, surgeon, politician, athlete |
Literary movement | Irish Literary Renaissance |
Notable work(s) | As I Was Going Down Sackville Street (1937) |
Spouse(s) | Martha Duane Gogarty |
Dr. Oliver Joseph St John Gogarty (August 17, 1878 - September 22, 1957) was an Irish poet, man of letters, and surgeon.[1]
Life[]
Overview[]
Gogarty was often described as the last of the 18th-century bucks; he might also be seen as embodying certain aspects of Irishness less popular in the decades around independence than before or since. He retains admirers who believe his art was undervalued, but is best remembered as the model for the irrepressible Buck Mulligan in Joyce's Ulysses.[1]
Youth and education=[]

Gogarty in 1897. Photo by The Clongownian. Courtesy Wikimedia Common.
Gogarty was born 17 August 1878 at 5 Rutland Square, Dublin, eldest of 4 sons of Margaret (Oliver) (died 1906), daughter of a Galway miller, and Henry Gogarty, a surgeon (died 1891).[1]
Oliver was educated at the Christian Brothers’ O’Connell School, Dublin (1890–1892), and at the Jesuit boarding schools Mungret College near Limerick and Stonyhurst College in Lancashire (1892–1896), which he detested. He again boarded at Clongowes Wood College in co. Kildare (1896–1887) while studying for the 1st-year arts examinations of the Royal University of Ireland (RUI).[1]
His devout mother intended him for the Catholic University School of Medicine in Cecilia Street, Dublin, but she was alienated by the registrar's abrupt manner and instead enrolled him at Trinity College, Dublin (TCD), where he studied medicine 1897–1904. His activities in these years – amateur athletics (notably cycling), visits to pubs, pawnbrokers, and the ‘Monto’ red-light district, clinical work in the Richmond group of hospitals, and discovering the Dublin slums, which he never ceased to denounce as an affront to humanity – are commemorated in the novel–memoir Tumbling in the Hay (1939), narrated by Gogarty's fictional alter ego, Gideon Ouseley. During his student years Gogarty, a strong swimmer, also won a bronze medal and 2 testimonials from the Royal Humane Society for lifesaving. Privately, he found relief from the stresses of medicine in composing Rabelaisian and parodic verses, many of which circulated orally for decades. [1]
In 1904 he spent 2 terms at Worcester College, Oxford, principally motivated by the hope of winning the Newdigate Prize for poetry. He came second to G.K.A. Bell, later the anglican bishop of Chichester, who became a close friend. In 1907–1908 Gogarty undertook further study at the Allgemeines Krankenhaus, Vienna, to qualify as an ear, nose, and throat surgeon. He had been introduced to this field by Sir Robert Woods, the earliest Dublin ENT specialist.[1]
During his Trinity years Gogarty was influenced by urbane dons J.P. Mahaffy, H.S. Macran, and (especially) Robert Yelverton Tyrrell, and by the nascent Sinn Féin movement of Arthur Griffith. His academic mentors drew from the classical tradition the ideal of the Renaissance man – an athlete–scholar who wore religion lightly if at all, and displayed his genius casually and without pedantry. They saw themselves as a civilised elite embattled by bourgeois (especially papist) barbarism.[1]
Gogarty's mature world view rested on a self-consciously Nietzschean delight in creativity and generosity and a pagan love of sunshine and water. He also had a broad and bawdy sense of humour. Although he had clerical friends (notably Monsignor Pádraig de Brún and bishop Michael Fogarty of Killaloe) and attended mass, he despised Christianity for constricting the human spirit through fear of sin and damnation. He saw death, like sex, as a fact of life which should be accepted rather than feared, and regarded his blasphemies as a statement of existential freedom. A typical example is ‘The ballad of joking Jesus’ (excerpted in Ulysses), which presents Jesus recruiting disciples by offering them the commercial advantages of late 19th-century clerical life, and walking on the water because of a characteristically Jewish dislike for bathing.[1]
A particularly unpleasant and widespread by-product of 19th-century Romantic classicism was a vicious anti-Semitism, which depicted Jews as greasy, logic-chopping aliens, incapable of the magnanimity of the Hellenic spirit. Although Gogarty had Jewish friends, his correspondence is noticeably anti-Semitic. His view of Jews as the founders of ‘Hebraic’ puritanism (he decried ascetic catholicism as ‘Hebrew mathematics’) lay behind his often reiterated claim that Éamon de Valera was Jewish. Freud (whom he accused of reducing humanity to neuroses) and Einstein (denounced for reducing the universe to mathematics) were seen as similarly reductionist and became favourite whipping boys.[1]
Gogarty's Sinn Féin associates, despite their differences with the Trinity dons, shared with them a sense of being superior to the craw-thumping bourgeoisie, in their case extending to a view of the British as exemplifying Judaic commercialist decadence. Gogarty spoke at the founding meeting of Sinn Féin in 1905 and wrote regularly for Griffith's papers in the organisation's early years; in 1906 he contributed a series on British decadence, declaring that John Bull had degenerated to ‘Sludge’.[1]
After 1906 Gogarty disagreed with Griffith's tendency to edit out his fiercer indiscretions and displayed some interest in the republican wing of Sinn Féin, but the men remained firm friends; Gogarty admired Griffith's unreckoning commitment to his cause. They shared a fondness for pub socialising so long as it did not interfere with their work, and both believed that conspicuous medical charities merely advertised their authors while ignoring the need for deeper social reform (especially slum clearance). They swam regularly at the Forty Foot, a bathing place at Sandycove near Dublin.[1]
Gogarty and Joyce[]

James Joyce Martello Tower, Sandycove, co. Dublin. Photo by David Bagshaw, 2006. Licensed under Creative Commons, courtesy Wikimedia Commons.
In 1901 Gogarty made the acquaintance of James Joyce, and for a time they were close friends. They briefly shared a Martello tower at Sandycove in September 1904.[1]
Joyce resented Gogarty's ostentatious generosity and considered him a conformist. (Gogarty, especially as a young man, differentiated between the views he expressed to his friends and those he offered in public; this was partly for professional reasons and partly because of his cultural elitism.)[1]
Joyce came to believe that Gogarty was conspiring against him (a view encouraged by Stanislaus Joyce). Gogarty, on the other hand, came to see Joyce as a gifted paranoid, compelled to bite the hands that fed him; in later life he publicly mocked the pretensions of Ulysses and wrote pityingly of Joyce as ‘an unlovable and lonely man’ (Gogarty, Intimations, 67), regarding him as enmeshed in a self-devouring ecclesiastical mindset. Joyce's famously hostile portrait of Gogarty as Malachi Mulligan in Ulysses, taken at face value by many Joyceans, profoundly affected Gogarty's subsequent reputation and continues to arouse indignation among Gogarty's admirers. Ulysses, with its Hebraic hero and heterogeneous styles, can also be read as a profound criticism of Gogarty's classicising aesthetic.[1]
1907–1922[]
Gogarty graduated M.B. and M.D. in June 1907; he was appointed to the Richmond Hospital, Dublin, and opened a medical practice in Ely Place. In August 1906 he married Martha Duane; they had 3 children.[1]
In 1912 he was appointed to a post at the Meath hospital, which was under pressure to acquire a catholic surgeon and hoped to forestall the appointment of a more pious and less competent rival. (Gogarty was consistently scathing about the cramping effect of sectarianism on the Irish health system, especially its role in preventing the consolidation and centralisation of medical services.) He acquired a reputation for surgical dexterity and speed; he was generous in remitting fees for poorer patients (a common practice at the time). During his career as a surgeon he became a near teetotaller for professional reasons.[1]
From 1912 the Gogartys held 1 of Dublin's principal literary salons in their home at 15 Ely Place. Gogarty combined his artistic interests with an avowed snobbery; seeing himself as a natural aristocrat he revelled in the company of the genuine article. (Lord Dunsany became a particular friend.)[1]
In 1917 Gogarty bought Renvyle House in Connemara; he was a car enthusiast and realised that road transport made Connemara newly accessible from Dublin. The compulsory purchase of half its demesne by the land commission for division among small farmers (who cut down an ash wood of which Gogarty was particularly fond) contributed to his annoyance with the new state; the destruction of the ash grove recurs in his work, symbolising short-sighted destruction of beautiful and useful things by greedy, ignorant plebeians.[1]
Gogarty's Sinn Féin sympathies remained undiminished. In 1917–1019 he wrote 3 satirical plays for the Abbey Theatre, Dublin (2 as ‘Gideon Ouseley’). Gogarty took the Sinn Féin headquarters' files into his house when the party was banned in 1919, and sheltered men on the run (including Michael Collins.[1]
Senator[]
Gogarty subsequently claimed that Griffith wanted him, rather than T.M. Healy, as the inaugural governor general of the Irish Free State. Gogarty was Griffith's medical attendant during the leader's final days, and believed that his friend had been literally hounded to death; his bitterness increased when he had to conduct Collins's autopsy and embalmment soon after performing the same service for Griffith. He composed funeral odes for both men, and his hatred for de Valera and Erskine Childers, whom he consistently vilified as a British spy sent to divide and conquer, blossomed.[1]
Between 1922 and 1936 Gogarty was an active member of the Free State senate. In January 1923 he was kidnapped by republicans, but escaped by leaping into the Liffey; in gratitude he ceremonially introduced 2 swans to the Liffey. (A popular satiric ballad by William Dawson falsely insinuated that Gogarty had fabricated the story.) Gogarty temporarily moved his practice to England, where he became a lion of London society; he returned to Dublin weekly for senate meetings and moved back to Ireland in February 1924. Renvyle House was burned by the Irish Republican Army in February 1923 as part of a campaign against senators' houses; many art works and personal mementoes were destroyed in the fire.[1]
As a senator Gogarty was a fierce supporter of the Cosgrave government, even supporting a reduction in the old age pension by claiming that the benefit was a relic of British misrule. He supported drastic security measures, remarking that Ireland needed freedom from the press more than freedom of the press. His zest for the new (he was a founder of the Irish Aero Club) found expression in his support for the government's technocratic measures. He campaigned incessantly for slum clearance and improved preventive medicine.[1]
Gogarty criticised aspects of the Censorship of Publications Bill but supported the principle in accordance with his elitist aesthetic (he regretted this when he saw how it worked in practice). His views on contraception were ambivalent: he distrusted it as a form of ‘race suicide’ (in Going native (1940)) Gideon Ouseley ridicules the English for acquiring dogs as child substitutes), but regarded the proliferation of large families in the slums as a danger to the race – a characteristic combination of humanitarian concerns with obsessive fear that civilisation was being swamped by the proliferation of illiterate subhumans.[1]
Gogarty met W.B. Yeats in 1902, but their friendship developed over time, maturing in the 1920s and 1930s. Gogarty removed Yeats's tonsils in 1920 and the poet spent his honeymoon at Renvyle. They strengthened each other's poetry: Yeats purified Gogarty's poetic language of archaisms while Gogarty's Rabelaisian wit influenced Yeats's late bawdy. Yeats served on the Tailteann games committees that awarded Gogarty literary prizes in 1924 and 1928. (Gogarty also competed in archery – a favourite pursuit.)[1]
Yeats's respect for Gogarty reflected the fact that the surgeon was among the few individuals prepared to stand up to him in conversation and even to subject him to good-humoured mockery (as he did all his friends). It was generally agreed that Gogarty's greatest art was conversation. Here, as elsewhere, he was kinder than he seemed; he stood his ground but was not a bullying monopolist, and took trouble to draw out shy individuals when he thought they had something interesting to say.[1]
1936–1939[]
After the abolition of the Free State senate in 1936, Gogarty scaled down his medical practice and turned to the pen for a living. His poetry had appeared in strictly limited, non-commercial editions. He had earned freely but had always preferred to buy works of art and rare books than to invest his money conventionally; much of his patrimony had been embezzled by a solicitor who exploited his mother's piety. In 1930 he reopened Renvyle House as a hotel, but the depression and his lack of business talents made it unprofitable.[1]
Gogarty hoped that As I was going down Sackville Street (1937), a book of reminiscences in which the author wanders back in time from de Valera's despised regime to the glories of his college days, would produce a significant sum. Instead it brought a libel suit by Henry Sinclair, a Jewish antique dealer, who objected to Gogarty's publication of verses ridiculing him and his brother. The Sinclairs were social acquaintances who had submitted to his conversational wit; but to be the butt of his mockery in print was another matter. Gogarty's counsel attacked the testimony of the Sinclairs' cousin Samuel Beckett (qv), noting that Beckett had written a banned book and belonged to ‘a coterie of bawds and blasphemers’ (O'Connor, 328); Sinclair nonetheless won £900 damages, and the case cost Gogarty £2,000.[1]
In March 1939 Gogarty successfully sued Patrick Kavanagh for libel over the poet's remark (in The green fool) that he had naively assumed Gogarty's housemaid was his mistress. Gogarty's celebration of his youthful exploits should not obscure the fact that he was genuinely fond of his wife and sensitive to the public and private implications of insinuations about adultery; Gogarty was awarded £100 and Kavanagh's career was severely damaged.[1]
In America[]
Gogarty was increasingly dissatisfied with de Valera's Ireland (suggesting that independence had resulted in myopia rather than utopia) and the sight of big houses demolished or bought to be turned into convents. In 1939 he went to New York for a lecture tour and settled permanently in the USA, returning to Ireland only for occasional visits. (He tried to join the British army as a medical officer in 1939 but was rejected because of his age.)[1]
He corresponded copiously with his family about their lives, friends, and such treasured possessions as his copy of Henry Ford's International Jew (1940).[1]
Gogarty's American career was anticlimactic; he outlived his friends, grew less responsive to new developments, and mixed with anti-modernist literary curmudgeons. His books of reminiscences, well-received at first, grew increasingly fragmentary and journalistic.[1]
He died in New York city of heart failure on 22 September 1957, having received the last rites of the catholic church, and was buried in Ballinakill cemetery, near Renvyle.[1]
Writing[]
Poetry[]
In 1904 and 1905 Gogarty published several short poems in the London publication The Venture and in John Eglinton's journal Dana.[2]
In 1936 Yeats included 17 of Gogarty's poems in his Oxford book of English verse, proclaiming ‘he sings a brave song and so makes a whining propaganda look ridiculous’ (Lyons, 175). This inadvertently provoked a critical backlash against Gogarty, whose cavalier lyrics were increasingly unfashionable in the era of literary modernism.[1] The over-representation perplexed Gogarty himself, who remarked: "What right have I to figure so bulkily? None from a poetical point of view.... Sappho herself could not have made a more subjective anthology."[3]
Plays[]
Blight (written under the name ‘Alpha and Omega’) deals with the Dublin slums, in a style prefiguring Sean O'Casey (qv); The enchanted trousers ridicules English officials in Ireland, and A serious thing satirically equates the resurrection of Lazarus with the rise of the Sinn Féin movement and the Roman legions with the Black and Tans. Gogarty may also have written The worked-out ward, a parody of Lady Gregory's 1-act The workhouse ward (1909), mocking the rival parliamentary nationalisms of John Dillon and Stephen Gwynn as equally moribund; he had a profound and abiding admiration for Gwynn as man of letters.[1]
Prose[]
I follow Saint Patrick (1938) celebrates the saint as a heroic individual who brought Ireland into the mainstream of European civilisation. This is implicitly contrasted with the ‘fatuous nationalism’ of de Valera, who is equated with St Patrick's druidic opponents who could inflict curses on the country but were powerless to lift them.[1]
Mad grandeur (1941), an historical novel about an 18th-century squire disillusioned with both sides in the 1798 rebellion, was written with one eye on the prospect of a lucrative Hollywood film deal (which failed to materialise). The novel ends with the characters emigrating to Virginia, which is the setting for the semi-sequel, Mr Petunia (1946), a scrappy and uneven work, centring on a paranoid, puritan, perverted clockmaker; the book was banned in Ireland because of its sexual elements.[1]
Recognition[]

The Oliver St. John Gogarty Pub, Dublin. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons.
At TCD, Gogarty won the vice-chancellor's prize for English poetry in 1902, 1903, and 1905.[1]
His 1924 book of poetry An Offering of Swans won the Gold Medal for poetry at the revived Tailteann Games, for which he also wrote the 1924 Olympic bronze medal-winning Tailteann Ode (which he was later to describe as "rather tripe").[4]
Gogarty's literary standing was recognised in 1932, when he became a council member of the Irish Academy of Letters.[1]
1936 saw the publication of Yeats's Oxford Book of Modern Verse, which contained 17 of Gogarty's poems and an introduction proclaiming him "one of the great lyric poets of our age."[5]
An annual Oliver St. John Gogarty Literary Festival is held in the author's family home, now the Renvyle House Hotel in Connemara.
A pub in the Temple Bar district of Dublin is named after him.
In literature[]
A highly-visible and distinctive Dublin character during his lifetime, Gogarty appears in a number of memoirs penned by his contemporaries, notably George Moore's Hail and Farewell, where he goes both by his own name and by the pseudonym "Conan."[6] His name also appeared in print as the renegade priest Fr. Oliver Gogarty in Moore's 1905 novel The Lake, an occurrence which upset Gogarty's devout mother.[7]
It has also been suggested that the speaker of W.B. Yeats's poem High Talk, "Malachi Stilt-Jack", is intended to be a representation of Gogarty.[8]

James Joyce
James Joyce[]
Gogarty's most famous literary incarnation, however, is as Buck Mulligan, the irrepressible roommate of Stephen Dedalus in James Joyce's Ulysses. Mulligan quotes a number of songs and poems known to have been written by Gogarty,[9] the most famous of which, "The Song of the Cheerful (But Slightly Sarcastic) Jesus", was originally sent to Joyce as a belated Christmas peace offering after their quarrels of 1904.[10] Other details, such as Mulligan's Hellenism, his status as a medical student, his history of saving men from drowning, his friendship with George Moore, and the metrical arrangement of his full name (Malachi Roland St. John Mulligan) parallel Gogarty's biography. The living arrangements of Mulligan and Stephen, however, differ sharply from those of Joyce and Gogarty; in Ulysses, Dedalus is the rentpayer and breadwinner of the Martello Tower off whom Mulligan carelessly sponges, an almost complete reversal of Joyce and Gogarty's actual positions during the summer of 1904.
Due to his influence on Joyce (he is also sometimes cited as an inspiration for Dubliners character Ignatius Gallagher and Exiles antagonist Robert Hand), Gogarty's name often comes up in Joyce scholarship, though Gogarty's own editors and biographers complain that these references are frequently inaccurate, owing to Gogarty-related errata in Richard Ellmann's James Joyce and a tendency to conflate the real-life Gogarty with the fictional character of Buck Mulligan.[11]
Publications[]
Poetry[]
- Hyperthuleana. Dublin: Gaelic 1916.
- Secret Springs of Dublin Song (anonymous; edited by Susan Mitchell). Dublin: Talbot Pres, 1918; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1919.[12]
- The Ship, and other poems. Dublin: Talbot, 1918.
- An Offering of Swans (wirh preface by W.B. Yeats). Dublin: Cuala, 1924; London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1934.
- An Offering of Swans and Other Poems (1924)
- Wild Apples (with preface by W.B. Yeats). Dublin: Cuala 1928, 1930; New York: J. Cape & H. Smith, 1929.
- Selected Poems.(with forewords by AE & Horace Reynolds).New York: Macmillan, 1933.
- Others to Adorn (with preface by W.B. Yeats; forewords by AE & Horace Reynolds). London: Rich & Cowan, 1938.
- Elbow Room. Dublin: Cuala, 1939; New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1940.
- Perennial. 1944; London: Constable, 1946.
- Collected Poems. London: Constable, 1951; New York: Devin-Adair, 1954.
- Unselected Poems. Baltimore: Contemporary, 1954.
Plays[]
- Alpha and Omega (Gogarty & Joseph K. O’Connor), Blight: The Tragedy of Dublin: An exposition in three acts. Dublin: Talbot Press, 1917.
- The Enchanted Trousers. Dublin: privately published, 1919.
- A Serious Thing. Dublin: privately published, 1919.
- Plays (edited by James F. Carens). Newark, NJ: Proscenium, 1971.
Novels[]
- Going Native. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1940; London: Constable, 1941.
Mad Grandeur: A novel. Philadelphia & New York: J.B. Lippincott, 1941; London: Constable, 1943.
- Mr. Petunia. New York: Creative Age, 1945; London: Constable, 1946.
Non-fiction[]
- Imitations (essays). New York: Abelard 1950.
- Mourning Became Mrs. Spendlove, and other portraits, grave and gay. New York: Creative Age, 1948, 1952.
- James Augustine Joyce (pamphlet). Dallas, TX: Times Herald, 1949.
- Rolling Down the Lea: A pageant of Irish people and places. London: Constable, 1950; London: Sphere, 1982.
- Start From Somewhere Else: A exposition of wit and humor, polite and perilous. New York: Doubleday, 1955.
- A Weekend in the Middle of the Week, and other essays on the bias. New York: 1958.[13]
- W.B. Yeats: A memoir Dublin: Dolmen, 1963.
Autobiographical[]
- As I Was Going Down Sackville Street: A Phantasy in Fact. London: Rich & Cowan / New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1937; Dublin: O’Brien Press, 1994.
- I Follow St. Patrick. London: Rich & Cowan / New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1938; London: Constable, 1950.
- Tumbling in the Hay. London: Constable / New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1939; Dublin: O’Brien Press, 1996.
- It Isn't This Time of Year At All! An unpremeditated autobiography. London: MacGibbon & Kee / New York: Doubleday, 1954.
Collected editions[]
- Poems & Plays (edited by A. Norman Jeffares).Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, UK: Colin Smythe, 2001.[14]
Letters[]
- Many Lines to Thee: Letters of Oliver St. John Gogarty to G.K.A. Bell (edited by James F. Carens). Dublin: Dolmen, 1971.[14]
Except where noted, bibliographical information courtesy Ricorso.[15]
See also[]
"Boys" By Oliver St John Gogarty Poem animation
References[]
- Ulick O'Connor, Oliver St. John Gogarty (1963)
- J.B. Lyons, Oliver St. John Gogarty (1976, 1980)
- Patrick Maume, Gogarty, Oliver St John," Dictionary of Irish Biography, March 2013. Web, Aug. 8, 2022.
Fonds[]
Gogarty's papers are held at Bucknell University in Pennsylvania.[1]
Notes[]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 Maume (2013).
- ↑ Carens, James (1979). Surpassing Wit. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 22.
- ↑ Carens, 266.
- ↑ Carens, 23.
- ↑ O'Connor, 255.
- ↑ O'Connor, 51-52.
- ↑ O'connor, 107–108
- ↑ Carens, pp. 7–8
- ↑ Carens, p.25-26
- ↑ Ellmann, p. 214
- ↑ Carens, pp. 10–21
- ↑ Search results: Secret Springs of Dublin Song, WorldCat, OCLC Online Computer Library Center Inc. Web, Jan. 18, 2016.
- ↑ John Benignus Lyons, Selected Bibliography, Oliver St. John Gogarty, Bucknell University Press, 1976, 87. Google Books, Web, Jan. 18, 2017.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Search results = au:Oliver St. John Gogarty, WorldCat, OCLC Online Computer Library Center Inc. Web, Jan. 18, 2016.
- ↑ Works, Oliver St. John Gogarty, Ricorso. Web, Jan. 18, 2017.
External links[]
- Poems
- Oliver St. John Gogarty at Best Poems Encyclopedia (3 poems)
- Oliver St. John Gogarty at Poetry Nook (145 poems)
- Books
- Oliver St. John Gogarty at Amazon.com
- About
- Oliver St. John Gogarty in the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Oliver St. John Gogarty at Ricorso
- Gogarty as sportsman
- Gogarty in the Paris Olympic Games of 1924
This article incorporates text from the Dictionary of Irish Biography, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 International license. Original article is at: Gogarty, Oliver St John
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